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The Microbiome in Liver Diseases

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Abstract

The human microbiome project (HMP) was established in 2007 as a global consortium that aims at the sequencing of all microbes (eukaryotes, archaea, bacteria, viruses) that inhabit specific body sites, such as the mouth, throat and airways, stomach and intestine, the urogenital system and the skin, respectively. Recent data demonstrate that specific compositions of the microbial community are associated with health and disease and suggest that the detailed characterization, function and variation of the microbial community will reveal important commensal host-microbe as well as microbe-microbe interactions with diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive implications. Indeed, the intestinal microbial community in particular has turned out to play a role in liver diseases.

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Acknowledgments

Conflict of interests: The author declares no conflict of interest.

Financial disclosure: The author has no financing to disclose.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Hubert E. Blum

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  1. Hubert E. Blum
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, Central Military Emergency University Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania

    Florentina Radu-Ionita

  2. New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA

    Nikolaos T. Pyrsopoulos

  3. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Central Military Emergency University Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania

    Mariana Jinga

  4. Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, Central Military Emergency University Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania

    Ion C. Tintoiu

  5. Medical Radiation Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia

    Zhonghua Sun

  6. “Prof. C.C. Iliescu” Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania

    Ecaterina Bontas

Self Study

Self Study

1.1 Question

  1. 1.

    Which statement/statements is/are true?

    1. (a)

      Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome is the imbalance between protective and harmful bacteria

    2. (b)

      Emerging evidence points to a contribution of the microbiome to the pathogenesis of different aspects liver diseases

    3. (c)

      human intestinal microbiome is also involved in gastrointestinal as well as non-gastrointestinal diseases, such as obesity/metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis/cardiovascular as well as neurologic/psychiatric diseases.

    4. (d)

      there is a decrease of human gut microbiome diversity attributed to Western diet, life style practices, such as caesarean section, antibiotic use and formula-feeding of infants as well as sanitation of the living environment.

    5. (e)

      while human gut microbiota is decreasing, the prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diabetes, obesity, allergies, asthma and others are on the rise in Western societies

1.2 Answer

  1. 1.

    Which statement/statements is/are true?

    1. (a)

      CORRECT

    2. (b)

      CORRECT. Emerging evidence points to a contribution of the microbiome to the pathogenesis of different aspects liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD, cholestatic liver diseases, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with special reference to bile acid metabolism

    3. (c)

      CORRECT

    4. (d)

      CORRECT

    5. (e)

      CORRECT

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Blum, H.E. (2020). The Microbiome in Liver Diseases. In: Radu-Ionita, F., Pyrsopoulos, N., Jinga, M., Tintoiu, I., Sun, Z., Bontas, E. (eds) Liver Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24432-3_19

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