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The Epistemological Significance of Comparing Social and Scientific Approaches to Minority Languages in France and Spain

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Minority Languages from Western Europe and Russia

Part of the book series: Language Policy ((LAPO,volume 21))

Abstract

Initially, the article provides a comparative assessment of the linguistic policies carried out in two neighboring states, which correspond to divergent levels of centralism. Then linguistic provisions in the existing constitutional texts (the Constitution in France 1958; in Spain – 1978) and other legal provisions are examined. The result is a comparative picture of legal concepts that characterize the plurality of languages and, specially, minority languages of the two countries: official/state language, native language/regional language, patrimonial language. From the French side, a disorderly policy is carried out in the face of the concept; from the Spanish side it is quite fuzzy, but simultaneous and stratified. Therefore sociolinguistic national history is very important, both in identifying the categories of the languages and in implementing policies in this sector.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    En tant que linguiste, le rapporteur ne peut s’empêcher de noter combien faible est notre connaissance de nombreuses langues que parlent des citoyens français. Il se permet de suggérer que la France se donne l’intention et les moyens d’une description scientifique de ses langues, aboutissant à une publication de synthèse. La dernière grande enquête sur le patrimoine linguistique de la République, menée il est vrai dans un esprit assez différent, est celle de l’abbé Grégoire (1790–1792)”. Bernard Cerquiglini, “The Languages of France: Report to the Minister of National Education, Research and Technology and the Minister for Culture and Communication”, drawn up for the signing of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. It contains a proposal for a list of languages eligible for inclusion in the Charter.

  2. 2.

    It should be noted that, in legal texts, the order in which items appear indicates their rank and therefore their importance.

  3. 3.

    The “ponentes” of the Constitution are representatives of the entire political spectrum, until recently declared enemies (Alianza Popular [AP, Francoists “converted” to democracy], Union of Democratic Center [UCD, of Christian Democratic tendency, including Francoists], the Spanish Socialist Workers Party [SSWP, clandestine under Franco’s dictatorship] and the Spanish Communist Party [SCP, clandestine and particularly persecuted, as Marxist, by the dictatorship]).

  4. 4.

    This entity is the union of the four Catalan provinces.

  5. 5.

    La votación del Pleno del Congreso reveló el carácter consensuado entre las principales formaciones políticas de la versión finalmente aprobada: 278 votos a favor, 20 en contra y13 abstenciones. En el Senado el resultado fue parecido: 140 votos a favor, 16 en contra y 11 abstenciones.”

  6. 6.

    On the express condition that they are not to be federated (Article 145).

  7. 7.

    Artículo 3:

    • 1. El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. Todos los españoles tienen el deber de conocerla y el derecho a usarla.

    • 2. Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas de acuerdo con sus Estatutos.

    • 3. La riqueza de las distintas modalidades lingüísticas de España es un patrimonio cultural que será objeto de especial respeto y protección.”

  8. 8.

    [...] los debates se centraron en la obligatoriedad del conocimiento de las lenguas. Los grupos nacionalistas discutieron particularmente esta cuestión. [...] Todas estas enmiendas fueron rechazadas por la Comisión y después por el Pleno del Congreso, (el dictamen se aprobó por 278 votos a favor, 20 en contra y 13 abstenciones).” Congreso de los Diputados, “Constitución española. Sinopsis del artículo 3”.

  9. 9.

    [...] los debates se centraron en la obligatoriedad del conocimiento de las lenguas. Los grupos nacionalistas discutieron particularmente esta cuestión. [...] Todas estas enmiendas fueron rechazadas por la Comisión y después por el Pleno del Congreso, (el dictamen se aprobó por 278 votos a favor, 20 en contra y 13 abstenciones).” Congreso de los Diputados, “Constitución española. Sinopsis del artículo 3”, http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/sinopsis/sinopsis.jsp?art=3&tipo=2

  10. 10.

    The Constitutional Tribunal (CT) is in charge of ensuring this.

  11. 11.

    The term “own language” is present in this contemporary language of the Basque Country (1979) and the other Autonomous Communities concerned with an official language other than Castilian (Galicia, 1981, Valencian Community, 1982, Balearic Islands 1983) except that of Navarre (1982), which only takes into account the officiality criterion.

  12. 12.

    The 1979 text which simply stipulated “La llengua pròpia de Catalunya és el català” was developed in the current version: Llei orgànica 6/2006, de 19 de juliol, de reforma de l’Estatut d’autonomia de Catalunya. Article 6. La llengua pròpia i les llengües oficials.

  13. 13.

    Author’s emphasis.

  14. 14.

    On entend par langues de France les langues régionales ou minoritaires parlées par des citoyens français sur le territoire de la République depuis assez longtemps pour faire partie du patrimoine culturel national, et ne sont langue officielle d’aucun État.”

  15. 15.

    It is the sixth appellation, all of which are semantically significant, since the “High Committee for the Defense and Expansion of the French Language” was set up in 1966.

  16. 16.

    The editorial ambiguity is at issue here: if it is a lower category (linguistic modalities other than Castilian and “the other Spanish languages”), then one can assume a non-officiality; if this category subsumes all the modalities, then it cannot be referred to (since the official and unofficial modalities are found there).

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Lagarde, C. (2019). The Epistemological Significance of Comparing Social and Scientific Approaches to Minority Languages in France and Spain. In: Moskvitcheva, S., Viaut, A. (eds) Minority Languages from Western Europe and Russia. Language Policy, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24340-1_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24340-1_4

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24339-5

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