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The Existing Explanations

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Book cover The UN Security Council and International Criminal Tribunals: Procedure Matters

Part of the book series: Studies in Global Justice ((JUST,volume 20))

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Abstract

This Chapter looks at prior writings on atrocity investigations and the UNSC with the goal of identifying the reasons for which the UNSC creates international atrocities investigations. In doing so, this Chapter identifies a group of reasons according to which a member of the UNSC would not support an atrocities investigation, and a separate group of explanations for why UNSC members would create such an investigation. It further presents how past studies have understood the UNSC’s work in areas beyond atrocities investigations. Throughout its analysis, this Chapter identifies how the prior writings on the UNSC do not adequately respond to the question posed in this book.

The case of Darfur highlights a number of UN realities. Even Security Council agreements about issues such as the need to put an end to atrocities and to hold those responsible for them accountable at law translate into action only with enormous effort and luck.

Nicholas Rostow, General Counsel and Senior Policy Adviser to the U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, 2001–2005.

Rostow (2010)

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See e.g. Bass (2000); Bosco (2009); Zahar and Sluiter (2008); Scheffer (1999); Schabas (2004); Funk and Fake (2009); Black and Williams (2010).

  2. 2.

    E.g. Bosco (2014) (US in Afghanistan); Prunier (2005) (US hesitant to empower ICC due to Iraq).

  3. 3.

    Bass (2000, p. 138).

  4. 4.

    For the 1994 violence, see Chap. 6.

  5. 5.

    Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, on opening a Preliminary Examination into the situation in Burundi (April 25, 2016), available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=otp-stat-25-04-2016.

  6. 6.

    A/HRC/RES/33/24, Situation of human rights in Burundi (October 5, 2016).

  7. 7.

    Butty, VOA News (October 27, 2016).

  8. 8.

    Nechepurenko, Ivan and Nick Cumming-Bruce, New York Times (November 16, 2016).

  9. 9.

    Bass (2004) (presenting the case against this dichotomy).

  10. 10.

    Scheffer (2013, p. 292).

  11. 11.

    Prosecutor’s Press Release (June 13, 2000).

  12. 12.

    Scheffer (2013, p. 331).

  13. 13.

    Burke-White (2005).

  14. 14.

    Myers, The New York Times (1997) (arguing that US officials limited their public criticism of Kabila’s opposition to investigation due to alliance considerations).

  15. 15.

    Barltrop (2011), Prunier (2005) (France protected Idris Deby of Chad in Darfur events); Caplan in Totten and Markussen (2006) (US protected relationship with Sudanese intelligence chief Slaha Abdullah Gosh); Kabbah (2010) (expressing criticism on the prosecution of CDF leader Chief Higa Norman); Ku and Nzelibe (2006).

  16. 16.

    Taylor in Black and Williams (2010); Brosché and Rothbart (2012) (presenting China’s interest to avoid jeopardizing its access to Sudanese oil).

  17. 17.

    Stedjan and Thomas-Jensen, in Black and Williams (2010), Prunier (2005) (arguing the US in Darfur was concerned about jeopardizing counter-terrorism relationships with the government of Sudan); Barltrop (2011) (China worried about sanctions against Sudan that would harm Sudan-China trade).

  18. 18.

    Bosco (2014).

  19. 19.

    Barltrop (2011) (China worried about sanctions against Sudan that would harm Sudan-China trade); Brosché and Rothbart (2012) (presenting China’s interest to avoid jeopardizing its access to Sudanese oil).

  20. 20.

    Black and Williams (2010) (arguing China, Russia and have a preference for a pluralist stance, which they contrast to the solidarity approach); Châtaignier (2005) (noting that Russia “sans surprise” supported a domestic tribunal in Sierra Leone).

  21. 21.

    S/PV.3453 (November 8, 1994).

  22. 22.

    For the effects of the Responsibility to Protect on sovereignty, see e.g. Serrano and Weiss (2014).

  23. 23.

    Doyle (2015).

  24. 24.

    Sadat (2002).

  25. 25.

    Prosecutor v. Slodoban Milosevic, Defence Opening Statement (2004, p. 32174).

  26. 26.

    See e.g. the excellent articles by several invited experts on the question Is the International Criminal Court (ICC) targeting Africa inappropriately?, found at http://iccforum.com/africa, hosted by the ICC Forum, a legal journal and world-wide discussion forum on issues facing the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, which is run by the UCLA School of Law’s Human Rights Project in a partnership with the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.

  27. 27.

    See e.g. Oladimeji (2016) (reporting on statements made in April 2016 by Prosecutor Bensouda at the African Bar Leaders Conference).

  28. 28.

    E.g. One of the French legal advisers at the UN was former advisor to ICC Prosecutor Moreno-Ocampo.

  29. 29.

    S/2014/361 (May 19, 2014).

  30. 30.

    Moreno-Ocampo (2013).

  31. 31.

    Interview : 20.

  32. 32.

    Interviews: 10, 13, 14, 20.

  33. 33.

    Interview : 14.

  34. 34.

    Interview: 20.

  35. 35.

    Interview: 14.

  36. 36.

    Interview: 20.

  37. 37.

    The New York Times (April 4, 2012).

  38. 38.

    S/RES/2139 (2014).

  39. 39.

    France, Press Release (April 15, 2014).

  40. 40.

    The New York Times (April 4, 2014).

  41. 41.

    S/2014/361 (May 19, 2014).

  42. 42.

    S/2014/348 (May 22, 2014).

  43. 43.

    The New York Times (May 21, 2014).

  44. 44.

    A/RES/71/248 (January 11, 2017).

  45. 45.

    A/HRC/32/CRP.2 (June 15, 2016).

  46. 46.

    See e.g. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Too long a wait for peace and justice – Commission on Inquiry (July 1, 2016) (available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Syriapeacejusticecannotwait.aspx).

  47. 47.

    See https://syriaaccountability.org/about/; See also Taub, The New Yorker (April 18, 2016).

  48. 48.

    Bass (2000).

  49. 49.

    E.g. the 1952 trial Rudolph Slansky in Czechoslovakia, who was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and was purged by Stalin after Joseph Tito broke away from the U.S.S.R. After an 8 day trial, Slansky was sentenced to death and executed by public hanging.

  50. 50.

    Huntington (1991); Elster (1998).

  51. 51.

    BBC, November 30, 2011.

  52. 52.

    For similar arguments for the power of the norm of justice, see Scheffer (2013); Orentlicher (1991); Meron (1998); Sikkink (2011).

  53. 53.

    Stimson and Bundy (1948, p. 588).

  54. 54.

    Stimson and Bundy (1948, p. 589–591).

  55. 55.

    Nuremberg Opening Statement, Chief U.S. Prosecutor (1945).

  56. 56.

    Kabbah (2010, p. 176).

  57. 57.

    Arendt (1963).

  58. 58.

    Bass (2000, p. 6).

  59. 59.

    Arendt (1963).

  60. 60.

    Sanders (2015).

  61. 61.

    Bracher (1999).

  62. 62.

    Wood (1999).

  63. 63.

    Le Monde, October 23, 1997.

  64. 64.

    “[I]l y a aussi la France, une certaine idée de la France, droite, généreuse, fidèle à ses traditions, à son génie. Cette France n’a jamais été à Vichy.” Speech at the memorial for the Vel d’Hiv Roundup (July 16, 1995).

  65. 65.

    However, Bass does not explain why the non-western and non-liberal UNSC members, such as Russia and China supported the creation of the ICTY.

  66. 66.

    Bass (2000, p. 106).

  67. 67.

    Bass (2000, p. 138).

  68. 68.

    FO 371/6504/E10662, 27 September 1921, quoted in Bass (2000, p. 142).

  69. 69.

    Rudolph (2001).

  70. 70.

    Scharf (1997); Bassiouni (1996).

  71. 71.

    Scheffer (2013).

  72. 72.

    Akhavan (1996).

  73. 73.

    Keating (2004); Kovanda (2010).

  74. 74.

    Schachter (1968).

  75. 75.

    Schachter (1964).

  76. 76.

    Jessup (1970).

  77. 77.

    Arangio-Ruiz (1979).

  78. 78.

    Cançado-Trindade (1976).

  79. 79.

    Alvarez (1996).

  80. 80.

    Evans (2009).

  81. 81.

    Szasz (2002).

  82. 82.

    Franck (2003).

  83. 83.

    Schabas (2004).

  84. 84.

    Werle (2005).

  85. 85.

    Zahar and Sluiter (2008).

  86. 86.

    Munoz (2009).

  87. 87.

    Kuziemko and Werker (2006).

  88. 88.

    See e.g. Padelford (1948); Rudzinski (1951).

  89. 89.

    Voeten (2001).

  90. 90.

    Thompson (2006).

  91. 91.

    Johnstone (2003a).

  92. 92.

    Prantl (2005).

  93. 93.

    Voeten (2005).

  94. 94.

    Malone (1998).

  95. 95.

    Luck (2006).

  96. 96.

    Sievers and Daws (2014).

  97. 97.

    Prantl (2005).

  98. 98.

    Malone (1998).

  99. 99.

    Voeten (2001). There are reasons to suggest that Voeten’s rationale was also at play in the 2011–2013 debates over Syria.

  100. 100.

    Thompson (2006).

  101. 101.

    Hurd (2002).

  102. 102.

    Johnstone (2003a).

  103. 103.

    Luck (2006).

  104. 104.

    Hurd (2007).

  105. 105.

    See e.g. McCubbins et al. (1987); O’Halloran (1994).

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          Christodoulos Kaoutzanis

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        Kaoutzanis, C. (2020). The Existing Explanations. In: The UN Security Council and International Criminal Tribunals: Procedure Matters . Studies in Global Justice, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23777-6_3

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