Abstract
This chapter summarizes literature relevant to sexual assault as it relates to ethnic minorities. The range in prevalence rates across studies vary widely possibly due to the manner in which sexual assault is defined, the methodologies used in gathering prevalence rate data, and cultural characteristics that may influence reporting rates. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on ethnic minorities and forensic interviewing, assessment, and treatment to the common sequalae of sexual assault, and prevention of sexual assault.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahrens, C., Rios-Mandel, L., Isas, L., & Lopez, M. (2010). Talking about interpersonal violence: Cultural influences on Latinas’ identification and disclosure of sexual assault and intimate partner violence. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 2(4), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018605
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Apfeldorf, W., Shear, M. K., Leon, A. C., & Portera, L. (1994). A brief screen for panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(94)90024-8
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Stanley, M. A., & Dancu, C. V. (1989). The social phobia and anxiety inventory: Concurrent and external validity. Behavior Therapy, 20, 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80060-7
Benson, B. J., Gohm, C. L., & Gross, A. M. (2007). College women and sexual assault: The role of sex-related alcohol expectancies. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9085-z
Benson-Flórez, G., Santiago-Rivera, A., & Nagy, G. (2017). Culturally adapted behavioral activation: A treatment approach for a Latino family. Clinical Case Studies, 16(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650116668630
Benuto, L., Olmo-Terasa, A., & Reyes-Rabanillo, M. (2011). Exploring the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Spanish translation of the clinician-administered PTSD scale. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 9(1), 14.
Benuto, L., & O’Donohue, W. (2015). Is culturally sensitive cognitive behavioral therapy an empirically supported treatment?: The case for hispanics. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15(3), 405.
Benuto, L. T. (Ed.). (2012). Guide to psychological assessment with Hispanics. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Benuto, L. T., & Bennett, N. (2015). Using prolonged exposure therapy to treat post-traumatic stress disorder a Latina female with a complex trauma history. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15(1), 143–153.
Benuto, L. T., & Garrick, J. (2016). Cultural considerations in forensic interviewing of children. In W. O’Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_20
Benuto, L. T., & Leany, B. D. (Eds.). (2015). Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans. New York: Springer.
Benuto, L. T., Thaler, N. S., & Leany, B. D. (Eds.). (2014). Guide to psychological assessment with Asians. New York: Springer.
Benuto, L.T., Bennett, N.M., & Casas, J.B., (2019). Minority participation in randomized controlled trials for prolonged exposure therapy: A systematic review of the literature. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Benuto, L., O’Donohue, W., Bennett, N., & Casas, J. (2019). Treatment outcomes for Latinos and non-Hispanic white victims of crime: An effectiveness study. Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences.
Breland-Noble, A., Sotomayor, J., & Burriss, F. (2015). Assessing mood disorders and suicidality in African Americans. In L. Benuto & B. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans. New York, NY: Springer.
Briere, J., & Elliott, D. M. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(10), 1205–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008
Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & DiNardo, P. A. (1994). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV): Client Interview Schedule. New York: Graywind Publications Incorporated/Cambridge University Press.
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV).: Clinician’s manual. Graywind Publications.
Carlson, E. B. (2001). Psychometric study of a brief screen for PTSD: Assessing the impact of multiple traumatic events. Assessment, 8, 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319110100800408
Carmody, D. C., & Washington, L. M. (2001). Rape myth acceptance among college women: The impact of race and prior victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(5), 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016005003
Cavanaugh, C. E., Messing, J. T., Amanor-Boadu, Y., O’Sullivan, C. S., Webster, D., & Campbell, J. (2014). Intimate partner sexual violence: A comparison of foreign- versus US-born physically abused Latinas. Journal of Urban Health, 91(1), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-013-9817-8
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). The National Intimate Partner and sexual violence survey: 2010–2012 state report. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf
Chapman, L., DeLapp, R., & Richards, A. (2015). Assessment of generalized anxiety disorder, panic, and phobias with African Americans. In L. Benuto & B. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans. New York, NY: Springer.
Conley, A. H., Overstreet, C. M., Hawn, S. E., Kendler, K. S., Dick, D. M., & Amstadter, A. B. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of sexual assault among a college sample. Journal of American College Health, 65(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1235578
Covington, J. (2003). The violent black male: Conceptions of race in criminological theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Daly, K. (2016). The purpose of the forensic interview: A Lawyer’s perspective. In W. O’Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_2
Davidson, J. R. T., Book, S. W., Colket, J. T., Tupler, L. A., Roth, S., David, D., … Feldman, M. (1997). Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27, 153–160.
Department of Justice. (2015). Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2010–2014. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv15.pdf
Eileraas, K. (2011). Rape, legal definitions of. In M. Stange & C. Oyster (Eds.), The multimedia encyclopedia of women in today’s world. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/rape
First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5—Research version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, research version; SCID-5-RV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Foa, E., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060405
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of PTSD: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445
Fontes, L. A., & Faller, K. C. (2006). Conducting culturally competent sexual abuse interviews with children from diverse racial, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. In K. C. Faller (Ed.), Interviewing children about sexual abuse: Controversies and best practice (p. 164). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Fraga, E. (2008). Latinos. In cross-cultural counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gitlin, L. N., Harris, L. F., McCoy, M. C., Hess, E., & Hauck, W. W. (2016). Delivery characteristics, acceptability, and depression outcomes of a home-based depression intervention for older African Americans: The Get Busy Get Better program. The Gerontologist, 56(5), 956–965. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv117
Gonzalez, F. R., Benuto, L. T., & Casas, J. (2018). Prevalence of interpersonal violence among Latinas: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018806507
Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
Hammarberg, M. (1992). Penn inventory for posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric properties. Psychological Assessment, 4, 67–76.
Hart, T. C., & Rennison, C. (2003). Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, reporting crime to the police, 1992–2000. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from http://www.icasa.org/docs/reporting_to_police_1992-2000.pdf
Hines, D., Armstrong, J., Reed, K., & Cameron, A. (2012). Gender differences in sexual assault victimization among college students. Violence and Victims, 27(6), 922–940. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.6.922
Jacob, M., Keeley, M. L., Ritschel, L., & Craighead, W. E. (2013). Behavioural activation for the treatment of low-income, African American adolescents with major depressive disorder: A case series. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.774
Jacques-Tiura, A. J., Tkatch, R., Abbey, A., & Wegner, R. (2010). Disclosure of sexual assault: Characteristics and implications for posttraumatic stress symptoms among African American and Caucasian survivors. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 11(2), 174–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730903502938
Jimenez, J. A., & Abreu, J. M. (2003). Race and sex effects on attitudinal perceptions of acquaintance rape. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.252
Kalibatseva, Z., Wu, I. H., & Leong, F. T. (2014). Assessing depression and suicidality in Asian-Americans. In Guide to psychological assessment with Asians (pp. 181–198). New York, NY: Springer.
Katz, J., & Moore, J. (2013). Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: An initial meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 28(6), 1054–1067. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00113
KAN-WIN. (2017). Community survey report on sexual violence in Asian American/immigrant community.. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.api-gbv.org/resources/sexual-violence-community-survey-bykanwin/
Kercher, G., & Kuo, C. (2008). Victimization of immigrants. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/ImmigrantVictimizationfinalcorrected.pdf
King, L. A., King, D. W., Leskin, G., & Foy, D. W. (1995). The Los Angeles Symptom Checklist: A self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Assessment, 2(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191195002001001
Koucky, E. M., Galovski, T. E., & Nixon, R. V. (2012). Acute stress disorder: Conceptual issues and treatment outcomes. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(3), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.07.002
Krueger, M. (2016). Forensic interviewing and charging: A prosecutor’s perspective. In W. O’Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_4
Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Leisen, M. B., Owens, J. A., Kaplan, A. S., & Watson, S. B. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 210–224.
Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., & Kelly, M. P. (2000). Validation of a brief measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The distressing event questionnaire (DEQ). Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 197–209.
Laney, C., & Loftus, E. F. (2016). History of forensic interviewing. In W. O’Donohue & M. Fanetti (Eds.), Forensic interviews regarding child sexual abuse. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_1
Lee, J. (2014). Assessment of anxiety with Asians. In L. Benuto, N. Thaler, & B. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with Asians. New York, NY: Springer.
Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173.
Lineberger, M. H., & Calhoun, K. S. (1983). Assertive behavior in black and white American undergraduates. The Journal of Psychology, 113(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1983.9923568
Littleton, H., Carmen, R. B., & Berenson, A. B. (2007). Rape scripts of low-income European American and Latina women. Sex Roles, 56(7–8), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9189-1
Lonsway, K. A., Banyard, V. L., Berkowitz, A. D., Gidycz, C. A., Katz, J. T., Ross, M. P., … Edwards, D. (2009). Rape prevention and risk reduction: Review of the research literature for practitioners. VAWnet.
Lovett, B. B. (2004). Child sexual abuse disclosure: Maternal response and other variables impacting the victim. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 21(4), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CASW.0000035221.78729.d6
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)
Messing, J. T., Becerra, D., Ward-Lasher, A., & Androff, D. K. (2015). Latinas’ perceptions of law enforcement: Fear of deportation, crime reporting, and trust in the system. Affilia, 30(3), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915576520
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
Mikton, C., Maguire, H., & Shakespeare, T. (2014). A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to prevent and respond to violence against persons with disabilities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(17), 3207–3226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514534530
Miller, J., & Peterson, R. D. (2008). Getting played: African American girls, urban inequality, and gendered violence. New York: New York University Press.
Muehlenhard, C. L., Humphreys, T. P., Jozkowski, K. N., & Peterson, Z. D. (2016). The complexities of sexual consent among college students: A conceptual and empirical review. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1146651
Newlands, R., & O’Donohue, W. (2016). A critical review of sexual violence prevention on college campuses. Acta Psychopathologica, 2(2), 14), 1–14),13. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-6676.100040
Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002). Preliminary reliability and validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-IV: A revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 33, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80026-0
No More. (2015). THE NO MÁS STUDY: Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault in the Latin@ Community. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://nomore.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/NO-MAS-STUDY-Embargoed-Until-4.21.15.pdf
Padilla, A. M., & Baird, T. L. (1991). Mexican-American adolescent sexuality and sexual knowledge: An exploratory study. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 13, 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863910131007
Palmer, B. (2011, Feburary). What’s the difference between “Rape” and “Sexual Assault”? Slate. Retrieved from https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2011/02/cbscorrespondent-lara-logan-was-a-victim-of-sexual-assault-is-that-the-same-as-rape.html
Ponniah, K., & Hollon, S. D. (2009). Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Depression and Anxiety, 26(12), 1086–1109. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20635
Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007.
Price, M., Davidson, T. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., & Resnick, H. S. (2014). Predictors of using mental health services after sexual assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21915
Pyke, K. D., & Johnson, D. L. (2003). Asian American women and Racialized femininities: “Doing” gender across cultural worlds. Gender & Society, 17(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243202238977
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Rape and sexual violence. (2017, March 21). Retrieved September 5, 2018, from https://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/rape-sexual-violence/Pages/welcome.aspx
Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (1995). Assessment instrument for panic disorder that includes fear of sensation-producing activities: The Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire. Anxiety, 1, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/anxi.3070010303
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9
Rice, T., & Coates, D. (1995). Gender role attitudes in the southern United States. Gender and Society, 9(6), 744–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124395009006007
Rizo, C. F., & Macy, R. J. (2011). Help seeking and barriers of Hispanic partner violence survivors: A systematic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.004
Rosay, A. B. (2016). National Institute of Justice Research Report: Violence against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men 2010 findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249736.pdf
Sabina, C., Cuevas, C., & Schally, J. (2015). The influence of ethnic group variation on victimization and help seeking among Latino women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036526
Senn, C., Eliasziw, M., Barata, P., Thurston, W., Newby-Clark, I., & Radtke, H.. SARE Study Team(2013). Sexual assault resistance education for university women: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (SARE trial). BMC Womens Health, 13(1), 25–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-13-25
Senn, C., Eliasziw, M., Barata, P., Thurston, W., Newby-Clark, I., Radtke, H., & Hobden, K. (2015). Efficacy of a sexual assault resistance program for university women. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(24), 2326–2335. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1411131
Sexual assault. (2018, August 27). Retrieved September 5, 2018, from https://www.justice.gov/ovw/sexual-assault#sa
Shear, M. K., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., Money, R., Sholomskas, D. E., Woods, S. W., … Papp, L. A. (1997). Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(11), 1571–1575. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.11.1571
Snipes, C. (2013). Assessment of anxiety with Hispanics. In L.B (Ed.), Guide to psychological assessment with Hispanics (pp. 153–162). Boston, MA: Springer.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Tallis, F., Eysenck, M., & Mathews, A. (1992). A questionnaire for the measurement of nonpathological worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90038-Q
Tang, J. Y., Li, C., Rodgers, R. F., & Ballou, M. (2016). Ethnic differences in the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication: Comparing Asian American and white psychiatric patients. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 2446–2450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.012
Taylor, S., Koch, W. J., & Crockett, D. J. (1991). Anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, and the anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disorders, 5, 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(91)90030-W
Telch, M. J., Shermis, M. D., & Lucas, J. A. (1989). Anxiety sensitivity: Unitary personality trait or domain-specific appraisals? J Anxiety Disorders, 3, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(89)90026-1
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2018a). Number of Form I-918, petition for U nonimmigrant status, by fiscal year, quarter, and case status 2009–2017. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/Immigration%20Forms%20Data/Victims/I918u_visastatistics_fy2017_qtr4.pdf
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2018b). Victims of Criminal Activity: U Nonimmigrant Status. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/victims-human-trafficking-other-crimes/victims-criminal-activity-u-nonimmigrant-status/victims-criminal-activity-u-nonimmigrant-status
Upchurch, D., et al. (2001). Sociocultural contexts of time to first sex among Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 1158–1169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01158.x
Vandello, J. A., Cohen, D., & Ransom, S. (2008). US Southern and Northern differences in perceptions of norms about aggression: Mechanisms for the perpetuation of a culture of honor. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107313862
Violence Prevention. (2018, April 10). Retrieved September 5, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/definitions.html
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluation anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, M. D. (2001). Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(2001), 132–156.
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., Keane, T. M. (eds). (1993). The PTSD checklist: Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. In Annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies; San Antonio, CA.
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale—Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399–411). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Weist, M. D., Kinney, L., Taylor, L. K., Pollitt-Hill, J., Bryant, Y., Anthony, L., & Wilkerson, J. (2014). African American and white women’s experience of sexual assault and services for sexual assault. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 23(9), 901–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2014.953715
West, C. M. M & Johnson, K. (2013. Sexual violence in the lives of African American women. National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women. Retrieved September 4, 2018, from https://vawnet.org/sites/default/files/materials/files/2016-09/AR_SVAAWomenRevised.pdf
Wiebe, J. S., Sauceda, J. A., & Lara, C. (2013). Assessing mood disorders and suicidality in hispanics. In L. Benuto (Ed.), Guide to psychological assessment with hispanics. Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4412-1_8
Williams, M., Malcoun, E., & Bahojb Nouri, L. (2015). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder with African Americans. In L. Benuto & B. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans. New York, NY: Springer.
Williams, M. T., Chapman, L. K., Buckner, E. V., & Durrett, E. L. (2016). Cognitive behavioral therapies. In A. Breland-Noble, C. S. Al-Mateen, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Handbook of mental health in African American youth (pp. 63–77). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25501-9_4
Wong, D. K., & Sun, S. K. (2006). A preliminary study of the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioural therapy for people with social anxiety in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 16(2), 50–56.
Zigmond, A., & Snaith, R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Zung, W. W., Richards, C. B., & Short, M. J. (1965). Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic: Further validation of the SDS. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13(6), 508–515. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730060026004
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Benuto, L.T., Gonzalez, F., Casas, J., Newlands, R., Leany, B.D. (2019). Cultural Considerations in Sexual Assault. In: O’Donohue, W.T., Schewe, P.A. (eds) Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23644-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23645-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)