Abstract
Sexual assault victimization continues to pose a significant public health concern in the United States. The identification of risk factors for sexual violence is fundamental for the development of prevention and intervention efforts. Yet, investigations of preventative methods for sexual assault perpetration have largely focused on victim characteristics, perpetrator personality traits, alcohol consumption, and beliefs and attitudes about sexuality. A significantly smaller number of studies have examined the role of hypermasculinity in sexual assault perpetration. Hypermasculinity has been found to be associated with endorsement of rape myths and sexual assault perpetration (Locke & Mahalik, Journal of Counselling Psychology. 52:279–283, 2005; Zinzow & Thompson, Aggressive Behavior, 41, 34–43, 2015). This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical framework of hypermasculinity, identifies the sociocultural correlates of hypermasculinity that are associated with the perpetration of sexual assault, and reviews limitations in the literature as well as promising prevention programs and intervention strategies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abbey, A., Parkhill, M. R., BeShears, R., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., & Zawacki, T. (2006). Cross-sectional predictors of sexual assault perpetration in a community sample of single African American and Caucasian men. Aggressive Behavior, 32(1), 54–67.
Abebe, K. Z., Jones, K. A., Culyba, A. J., Feliz, N. B., Anderson, H., Torres, I., … Miller, E. (2018). Engendering healthy masculinities to prevent sexual violence. Rationale for and design of the manhood 2.0 trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 71, 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.01
Anderson, L. A., & Whiston, S. C. (2005). Sexual assault education programs: A meta-analytic examination of their effectiveness. Psychology Women Quarterly, 29, 374–388.
Archer, J. (2010). Derivation and assessment of a hypermasculine values questionnaire. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 525–551.
Beasley, C. (2008). Rethinking hegemonic masculinity in a globalizing world. Men & Masculinities, 11(1), 86–103.
Beres, M. (2010). Sexual miscommunication? Untangling assumptions about sexual communication between casual sex partners. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12, 1–14.
Berkowitz, A. D. (1994). A model acquaintance rape prevention program for men. In A. D. Berkowitz (Ed.), Men and rape: Theory, research and prevention programs in higher education (pp. 35–42). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Berkowitz, A. D. (2002). Fostering men’s responsibility for preventing sexual assault. In P. A. Schewe (Ed.), Preventing violence in relationships (pp. 163–196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bleecker, E. T., & Murnen, S. K. (2005). Fraternity membership, the display of degrading sexual images of women, and rape myth acceptance. Sex Roles, 53, 487–493.
Boeringer, S. B. (1999). Associations of rape-supportive attitudes with fraternal and athletic participation. Violence Against Women, 5, 81–90.
Bourgois, P. (1995). In search of respect: Selling crack in el barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. G., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. T. (2014). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization: National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. Surveillance Summaries, 63(SS08), 1–18.
Burk, L. R., Burkhart, B. R., & Sikorski, J. F. (2004). Construction and preliminary validation of the Auburn differential masculinity inventory. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.4
Canan, S. N., Jozkowski, K. N., & Crawford, B. L. (2018). Sexual assault supportive attitudes: Rape myth acceptance and token resistance in Greek and non-Greek college students from two university samples in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(22), 3502–3530.
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Palo Alto, CA: University of California Press.
Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Corprew, C. S., Matthews, J. S., & Mitchell, A. D. V. (2014). Men at the crossroads: A profile analysis of hypermasculinity in emerging adulthood. Journal of Men’s Studies, 22(2), 105–121.
Cummings, A. M., Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., & Sandoval, M. F. (2013). Intimate partner violence in Hispanics: A review of the literature. Journal of Family Violence, 28(2), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9478-5
Fabian, L. E., Toomey, T. I., Lenk, K. M., & Erikson, D. J. (2008). Where do underage college students get alcohol? Journal of Drug Education, 38(1), 15–26.
Fahlberg, A., & Pepper, M. (2016). Masculinity and sexual violence: Assessing the state of the field. Sociology Compass, 10(8), 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12397
Fisher, B., Cullen, F., & Turner, M. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women (NCJ 182369). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf
Flood, M. (2002). Between men and masculinity: An assessment of the term “masculinity” in recent scholarship on men. In S. Pearce & V. Muller (Eds.), Manning the next millennium: Studies in masculinities. Perth: Black Swan.
Foubert, J. D. (2000). The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention program on fraternity men’s attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior. Journal of American College Health, 48, 158–163.
Foubert, J. D., Newberry, J. T., & Tatum, J. L. (2007). Behavior differences seven months later: Effects of a rape prevention program. NASPA Journal, 44, 728–749.
Fritner, M. P., & Robinson, L. (1993). Acquaintance rape: The influence of alcohol, fraternity membership, and sports team membership. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy, 19, 272–284.
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H., Ellsberg, M., & Watts, C. (2005). WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women’s Responses. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Gidycz, C. A., Orchowski, L. M., & Berkowitz, A. D. (2011). Preventing sexual aggression among college men: An evaluation of a social norms and bystander intervention program. Violence Against Women, 17, 720–742.
Godenzi, A., Schwartz, M. D., & DeKeseredy, W. S. (2001). Toward a gendered social bond/male peer support theory of university woman abuse. Critical Criminology, 10, 1–16.
Gold, S. R., Fultz, J., Burke, C. H., Prisco, A. G., & Willett, J. A. (1992). Vicarious emotional responses of macho college males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 165–174.
Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., Ortega, J., Vasquez, E. P., & De Santis, J. (2010). La mancha negra: Substance abuse, violence, and sexual risks among Hispanic males. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32, 128–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945909343594
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from a prison notebook. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Heppner, M., Neville, H., Smith, K., Kivlighan, D., & Gershuny, B. (1999). Examining immediate and long-term efficacy of rape prevention programming with racially diverse college men. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 46, 16–26.
Jewkes, R., Morrell, R., Hearn, J., Lundqvist, E., Blackbeard, D., Lindegger, G., … Gottzen, L. (2015). Hegemonic masculinity: Combining theory and practice in gender interventions. Culture. Health & Sexuality, 17(S2), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1085094
Kalof, L., & Cargill, T. (1991). Fraternity and sorority membership and gender dominance attitudes. Sex Roles, 23, 417–423.
Kilmartin, C. T. (2000). The masculine self (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Kimble, M., Neacsiu, A., Flack, W. F., & Horner, J. (2008). Risk of unwanted sex for college women: Evidence for a red zone. Journal of American College Health, 57(3), 331–337.
Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C., Warner, T., Fisher, B., & Martin, S. (2007). The campus sexual assault (CSA) study: Final report. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf
Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20105
Lisak, D., Gardinier, L., Nicksa, S. C., & Cote, A. M. (2010). False allegations of sexual assault: An analysis of ten years of reported cases. Violence Against Women, 16, 1318–1334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210387747
Locke, B. D., & Mahalik, J. R. (2005). Examining masculinity norms, problem drinking and athletic involvement as predictors of sexual aggression in college men. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 52(3), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.279
Loh, C.I., Gidycz, C.A., Lobo, T.R., & Luthra, R. (2005). A prospective analysis of sexual assault perpetration: risk factors related to perpetrator characteristics. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(10), 1325–48.
Loh, C., & Gidycz, C. A. (2006). A prospective analysis of the relationship between childhood sexual victimization and perpetration of dating violence and sexual assault in adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(6), 732–749.
Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape myths: In review. Psychology Women Quarterly, 18(2), 133–164.
Lundqvist, E., Röcklinger, K., Malmberg, L., Gulbrandsen, I., Nettelbladh-Malm, C., & Söderström, D. (2010). Machofabriken. Malmö: Liber.
Malamuth, N. M., Sockloskie, R. J., Koss, M. P., & Tanaka, J. S. (1991). Characteristics of aggressors against women: Testing a model using a national sample of college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 670–681. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.59.5.670
Malhotra, K., Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., & Mitchell, E. M. (2015). A review of teen dating violence prevention research: What about Hispanic youth? Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(4), 444–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014537903
Mancera, B. M., Dorgo, S., & Provencio-Vasquez, E. (2017). Risk factors for Hispanic male intimate partner violence perpetration. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(4), 969–983. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315579196
McDermott, R. C., Kilmartin, C., McKelvey, D. K., & Kridel, M. M. (2015). College male sexual assault of women and the psychology of men: Past, present, and future directions for research. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(4), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039544
Messerschmidt, J. W. (2012). Engendering gendered knowledge: Assessing the academic appropriation of hegemonic masculinity. Men and Masculinities, 15(1), 56–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X11428384
Mosher, D. L., & Sirkin, M. (1984). Measuring a macho personality constellation. Journal of Research in Personality, 18, 150–163.
Murnen, S. K. (2000). Gender and the use of sexually degrading language. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 319–327.
Murnen, S. K., & Kohlman, M. H. (2007). Athletic participation, fraternity membership, and sexual aggression among college men: A meta-analytic review. Sex Roles, 57, 145–157.
Newlands, R., & O’Donohue, W. T. (2016). A critical review of sexual violence prevention on college campuses. Acta Psychopathologica, 2, 14. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-6676.100040
Njue, C., Askew, I., & Chege, J. (2005). Non-consensual sexual experiences of young people in Kenya: Boys as perpetrators and victims. In S. Jejeebhoy, I. Shah, & S. Thapa (Eds.), Sex without consent: Young people in developing countries (pp. 139–157). London/New York: Zed Books.
Osman, S. L. (2003). Predicting men’s rape perceptions based on the belief that “no” really means “yes”. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 683–692.
Parent, M. C., Gobble, T. D., & Rochlen, A. (2018). Social media behavior, toxic masculinity, and depression. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 20, 277. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000156
Parrott, D. J., & Zeichner, A. (2003). Effects of hypermasculinity on physical aggression against women. Psychology of Men & Masclunity, 4(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.70
Parrott, D. J., & Zeichner, A. (2008). Determinants of anger and physical aggression based on sexual orientation: An experimental examination of hypermasculinity and exposure to male gender role violations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 891–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9194-z
Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you’re a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Peters, J., Nason, C., & Turner, W. M. (2007). Developing and testing of a new version of the Hypermasculinity index. Social Work Research, 31(3), 171–182.
Rudman, L. A., & Mescher, K. (2012). Of animals and objects: Men’s implicit dehumanization of women and likelihood of sexual aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 734–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212436401
Salazar, L. F., Vivolo-Kantor, A., Hardin, J., & Berkowitz, A. (2014). A web-based sexual violence bystander intervention for male college students: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e203.
Sanday, P. R. (1990). Fraternity gang rape: Sex, brotherhood, and privileges on campus. New York: New York University Press.
Schaeffer, A. M., & Nelson, E. S. (1993). Rape-supportive attitudes: Effects of on-campus residence and education. Journal of College Student Development, 34, 175–179.
Scheel, E. D., Johnson, E. J., Schneider, M., & Smith, B. (2001). Making rape education meaningful for men: The case for eliminating the emphasis on men as perpetrators, protectors, or victims. Sociological Practice, 3, 257–278.
Seaton, G. (2007). Toward a theoretical understanding of hypermasculine coping among urban black adolescent males. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15, 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137vl5n02_21
Shafer, A., Ortiz, R. R., Thompson, B., & Hyemmer, J. (2018). The role of hypermasculinity, token resistance, rape myth, and assertive sexual consent communication among college men. Journal of Adolescent Men, 62(S3), S44–S50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.015
Stephens, K. A., & George, W. H. (2009). Rape prevention with college men evaluating risk status. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 996–1013.
Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035.
Vaas, J., & Gold, S. (1995). Effects of feedback on emotion in hypermasculine men. Violence and Victims, 10, 217–226.
Viki, G., Chiroro, P., & Abrams, D. (2006). Hostile sexism, type of rape, and self-reported rape proclivity within a sample of Zimbabwean males. Violence Against Women, 12(8), 789–798.
Vladutiu, C. J., Martin, S. L., & Macy, R. J. (2010). College-or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: A review of program outcomes, characteristics, and recommendations. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 12, 67–86.
Vokey, M., Tefft, B., & Tysiaczny, C. (2013). An analysis of hypermasculinity in magazine advertisements. Sex Roles, 68, 562–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0268-1
White, J. W., McMullin, D., Swartout, K., Sechrist, S., & Gollehon, A. (2008). Violence in intimate relationships: A conceptual and empirical examination of sexual and physical aggression. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(3), 338–351.
Wilkinson, D., Bearup, L. S., & Soprach, T. (2005). Youth gang rape in Phnom Penh. In S. Jejeebhoy, I. Shah, & S. Thapa (Eds.), Sex without consent: Young people in developing countries (pp. 158–168). London/New York: Zed Books.
Yeater, E. A., & O’Donohue, W. T. (1999). Sexual assault prevention programs: Current issues, future directions, and the potential efficacy of interventions with women. Clinical Psychology Review, 19(7), 739–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00075-0
Zernechel, A., & Perry, A. L. (2017). The final battle: Constructs of hegemonic masculinity and hypermasculinity in fraternity membership. College Student Affairs Leadership, 4(1).
Zinzow, H. M., & Thompson, M. (2015). Factors associated with use of verbally coercive, incapacitated, and forcible sexual assault tactics in a longitudinal study of college men. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 34–43.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vechiu, C. (2019). The Role of Hypermasculinity as a Risk Factor in Sexual Assault Perpetration. In: O’Donohue, W.T., Schewe, P.A. (eds) Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23644-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23645-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)