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Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation pp 413–463Cite as

Amphibian Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Moving from Technology to Application

Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB,volume 1200)

Abstract

Amphibians have experienced a catastrophic decline since the 1980s driven by disease, habitat loss, and impacts of invasive species and face ongoing threats from climate change. About 40% of extant amphibians are under threat of extinction and about 200 species have disappeared completely. Reproductive technologies and biobanking of cryopreserved materials offer technologies that could increase the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation programs involving management of captive breeding and wild populations through reduced costs, better genetic management and reduced risk of species extinctions. However, there are relatively few examples of applications of these technologies in practice in on-the-ground conservation programs, and no example that we know of where genetic diversity has been restored to a threatened amphibian species in captive breeding or in wild populations using cryopreserved genetic material. This gap in the application of technology to conservation programs needs to be addressed if assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and biobanking are to realise their potential in amphibian conservation. We review successful technologies including non-invasive gamete collection, IVF and sperm cryopreservation that work well enough to be applied to many current conservation programs. We consider new advances in technology (vitrification and laser warming) of cryopreservation of aquatic embryos of fish and some marine invertebrates that may help us to overcome factors limiting amphibian oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. Finally, we address two case studies that illustrate the urgent need and the opportunity to implement immediately ARTs, cryopreservation and biobanking to amphibian conservation. These are (1) managing the biosecurity (disease risk) of the frogs of New Guinea which are currently free of chytridiomycosis, but are at high risk (2) the Sehuencas water frog of Bolivia, which until recently had only one known surviving male.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge funding support from the Australian Research Council, the University of Newcastle and WWF (JC); Australian Government Post-Graduate Awards (RU); University of Ottawa Research Chair Program, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (VLT); Macquarie University Research Fellowship (SC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia

    J. Clulow & R. Upton

  2. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    V. L. Trudeau

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    S. Clulow

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  1. J. Clulow
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  2. R. Upton
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  3. V. L. Trudeau
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  4. S. Clulow
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Correspondence to J. Clulow .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA

    Pierre Comizzoli

  2. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA

    Janine L. Brown

  3. Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    William V. Holt

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Clulow, J., Upton, R., Trudeau, V.L., Clulow, S. (2019). Amphibian Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Moving from Technology to Application. In: Comizzoli, P., Brown, J., Holt, W. (eds) Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1200. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_14

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