Abstract
This chapter provides information on the origin, establishment and development of strategic planning in the Russian Federation (Russia). St. Petersburg was the first city in Russia to adopt a strategic plan, in 1997, after which strategic planning found its way to other Russian cities and regions. Strategic planning was first initiated at the grassroots level rather than at the top levels of public authority. It was only in 2014 that strategic planning processes were standardised and formalised in Russian legislation. In Russia, strategic planning has become an important tool of state and municipal governance. Not only public authorities, but also scientific, community-based and political organisations, as well as the business community and civic activists all, contribute to the development and implementation of strategic planning documents. Strategic planning involves coordinating the interests of the key stakeholders in the development territory and it has a number of complex problems. These are largely due to lack of consistency, firstly between strategic planning documents adopted at different levels of public authority, and secondly between the provisions and parameters of documents relating to different types of planning. The final part of the chapter presents the main findings regarding the improvement of approaches to strategic planning in Russia.
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Notes
- 1.
The first Strategic Plan of Barcelona was adopted in 1990. It was aimed at supporting structural, socio-economic transformations, preparations for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games, and integration into the European Union. The second Strategic Plan of Barcelona was adopted in November 1994 and encompassed the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. The latest Strategic Plan of Barcelona, ‘Vision-2020’, was adopted in 2010.
- 2.
The Strategic Plan ceased to be effective in March 2004 due to the approval of the Regulation on Administration of Executive Authorities for National Planning in St. Petersburg (Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg No. 402, 16 March 2004). According to the Regulation, a Strategic Plan was understood as a system of legal regulations including the following: the Main Areas of Activities of Executive Authorities, the Master Plan, and the Register of State Functions. The Regulation ceased to be in force on 14 August 2007. In 2007–2013, St. Petersburg had a Long-term Concept of Social and Economic Development instead of a Strategic Plan. In 2014, the Strategy of Economic and Social Development of St. Petersburg Until 2030 was approved (Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg No. 355, 13 May 2014), which is still in effect.
- 3.
St. Petersburg is a city of federal importance—an entity of the Russian Federation equal to the region.
- 4.
The federal level of public authority corresponds to the national level, the regional level corresponds to the subnational level and the local level is represented by two levels (settlement and district) of municipal self-government.
- 5.
The Russian Federation has six types of region: republic, krai, oblast, city of federal importance, autonomous okrug and autonomous oblast. The type of region reflects its historical development (for example, Krasnodar Krai, Smolensk Oblast), role (for example, the City of Federal Importance Moscow), the ethnic composition of its population and the availability of a region-forming ethnicity (for example, the Republic of Buryatia, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug).
- 6.
In Russia, there are seven types of municipal entities. The criteria for classifying municipal entities include the following: area, settlement type, population, and scope of functions performed. Entities with significant population numbers that function as a city have the status of an urban district. Administrative-territorial entities with large areas have the status of a municipal district.
- 7.
Federal Law No. 115-FZ dated 20 July 1995 ceased to be in force on 11 July 2014 in accordance with Federal Law No. 172-FZ dated 28 June 2014.
- 8.
In Russia, spatial planning is one of the types of planning in the public authority system. Spatial planning documents are spatial planning schemes and master plans.
- 9.
The Sustainable Development Goals for all countries of the world in 2016–2030 were approved by the UN Conference in September 2015.
- 10.
The two other priorities of the EU’s Strategy are smart growth (developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation) and inclusive growth (fostering a high-employment economy delivering social and territorial cohesion).
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Limonov, L., Batchaev, A. (2020). Strategic Planning in Russia: From National to Local Government Approaches. In: Lingua, V., Balz, V. (eds) Shaping Regional Futures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23573-4_10
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