Keywords

1 Introduction

Concrete is one of the oldest materials, but its potential and possibilities seem inexhaustible (Murtazaev et al. 2016; Nesvetaev et al. 2018; Stelmakh et al. 2018), since at all times of its existence and in the future this material will occupy a leading place among a huge variety of building compositions.

The active component of concrete is cement. It is known that varying finely dispersed mineral additives in its composition results in modern composite materials, which properties will vary in wide ranges (Udodov 2015; Salamanova et al. 2017).

In accordance with GOST 31108-2003, granulated slag, fuel ashes, including acidic or basic fly ash, microsilica, burnt clay, burnt shale, marl, quartz sand, etc. are used as mineral components—main components of cement (Udodov 2015; Murtazaev et al. 2016). Various mineral additives can be used as auxiliary components of cement, which will not significantly increase the water demand of cement and reduce durability of concrete.

2 Methods and Materials

As part of the work carried out in this direction, we developed formulations of multicomponent binders, which include mineral additives of natural and technogenic origin.

The North Caucasus has large reserves of natural raw materials for these developments, the chemical analysis of the mineral components used in the studies is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The chemical composition of mineral components, wt.%
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3 Results and Discussion

To produce multicomponent binders, the additives under study were ground in VM-20 laboratory ball vibratory mill for 30 and 40 min. Figure 1 shows dependence of specific surface of mineral additives on the grinding time.

Fig. 1.
figure 1

Specific surface of mineral components

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To determine the optimal degree of saturation of Portland cement (PC) – mineral powder (MP) system (PC:MP), samples were prepared from the proposed multicomponent binder formulations and properties (Table 2).

Table 2. Properties of multicomponent binders (MCB)
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The results of the studies showed that the most rational are the compositions of binders using mineral powders of volcanic ash and quartz powder with a ratio of 70:30%, with a specific surface of 876 m2/kg and 650 m2/kg, respectively, with a typical increase in the activity of the binder and a slight increase in normal thickness, and 30% of portland cement are saved.

Next, a concrete mixture with P2 mobility mark was produced, the samples were subjected to heat and humidity treatment (HHT) in a steam chamber at 2 + 3 + 7 + 2 h at an isothermal holding temperature of 80 °C. Table 3 shows the experimental compositions and properties of the studied concretes.

Table 3. The compositions of the studied concretes
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We established that the strength of concrete after HHT is 12% higher than the indicators of the strength of concrete after 28 days of natural hardening. The use of MCB-70 with volcanic ash showed the best results on the compressive strength of concrete in comparison with other additives and slightly inferior to similar indicators of control samples (Murtazaev et al. 2016; Stelmakh et al. 2018). The study of operational characteristics (Table 4) showed that the indicators of these properties depend on the composition of the MCB-70 and its activity, as well as on the type and value of the porosity of the material.

Table 4. Operational properties of concrete using MCB-70
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4 Conclusions

Multicomponent binders based on mineral powders of natural and man-made origin allow to obtain high-quality concrete of class of strength B30-40, including for high monolithic construction.