Keywords

1 Introduction

Bismuth oxide is a widely used bismuth compound due to its chemical stability, low toxicity, and its unique physical and chemical properties (Gulbin et al. 2014). Its sufficiently high density (8.9 g/cm3) allows to use it in the synthesis of “heavy” materials employed in the protection from gamma rays. As it is known, in this case, the leading role in characterizing the protective properties is played by the density of the material. In the way of exercising high structural properties, the most efficient were the ceramic matrices (Correya et al. 2018).

This paper studies the phase transformations of the radiation protection materials based on the high-alumina ACBs, bismuth oxide, and aluminum oxide sintered at different temperatures.

2 Methods and Approaches

Obtaining the artificial ceramic binder (ACB) was carried out through the technique of wet grinding in a periodic action ball mill with a stepwise loading of material. This principle of obtaining ceramic concretes allows to obtain matrices with the desired phase composition, improved physical and mathematical properties and ensures the broad opportunities for using various aggregates.

The suspension based on high-alumina grog possesses the thixotropic dilatant flow (the destruction of the initial thixotropic structure and the following dilatant formation of structure). The bismuth oxide powder used as aggregate represents spherical particles sized no more than 35 µm.

The source materials were mixed in the proportions presented in Table 1. Then, the technique of static pressing was used with the specific pressure of 100 MPa to form the bar. After drying, the samples were subjected to burning within the interval of 200° to 1000 °C with holding at the maximum temperature for one hour.

Table 1. Compositions of radiation protection materials
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The X-ray fluorescence analysis was performed using the DRON-3 diffractometer. XRD patterns were recorded using the CuKα radiation (Ni filter); tube voltage: 20 kV; tube anode current: 20 mA; measuring range: 10000–4000 PPS; detector turn rate: 2.4 rpm; elevation angle: 10. The JCPDF database was used for identification.

3 Results and Discussion

The analysis of the transformations of the samples with the admixture Bi2O3 at varied temperatures (Figs. 1, 2 and 3) indicates that heating within the interval of 100–500 °C, all compounds are mineralogically constant and exhibit phases of mullite, corundum, and Bi2O3.

Fig. 1.
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X-ray patterns of the samples of the composition of radiation protection composites No. 1

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Fig. 2.
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X-ray patterns of the samples of the composition of radiation protection composites No. 2

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Fig. 3.
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X-ray patterns of the samples of the composition of radiation protection composites No. 3

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When increasing the burning temperature to 600 °C, starts the formation of bismuth silicates 2Bi2O3·3SiO2 and 12Bi2O3·2SiO2. Further increase of the burning temperature to 700 °C leads to a more intensive formation of bismuth silicates, indicated by the increase in the intensity of reflections for these compounds. In the process, the entire Bi2O3 turns into silicates, while the interplanar reflections of bismuth oxide totally disappear. There occurs a sharp decrease in the intensity of mullite peaks, while in the composition No. 3 this compound is totally absent.

When the temperature is increased up to 800 °C and further, all compositions display further formation of bismuth silicates, and in the compositions No. 2–3 there were identified two phases of α-Al2O3 и 12Bi2O3·2SiO2, while in the composition No. 1, in addition to the indicated two, there also forms 2Bi2O3·3SiO2 (Figs. 1, 2 and 3).

It is possible to assume that compositions No. 1–2 show the formation of bismuth silicates as a result of mullite decomposition and binding of SiO2 into the bismuth silicates, while in the composition No. 3 the silicates form due to the interaction of Bi2O3 and the nanosilica introduced as binder.

4 Conclusions

This paper studied the mineralogical compounds of the radiation protection ceramic materials based on a high-alumina ACB and bismuth oxide. It was identified that the higher the content of Bi2O3 in the source composition, the more intensive is the process of mullite decomposition. This way, at the content of Bi2O3 38,5%, mullite perseveres up to the temperature of 900 °C, and if bismuth oxide is increased to 58%, mullite disintegrates completely at the temperature of 700 °C, which is 200 °C lower than the previous composition.