Keywords

1 Introduction

Structure imperfection often defines material quality and properties. The structure perfection for layered silicates is determined by the structure of aluminosilicate layers themselves and their positioning within crystallite. It is known that kaolinite perfect crystals are hexagonal plane particles of the regular shape which allows free sliding relative each other and providing plasticity, liquescence and close arrangement goods formation. Crystallite distortion results in distortion of kaolinite plates due to lineal and point defects. It deteriorates rheological behaviour of kaolinite suspensions, liquescency instability (Kukovskiy et al. 1966).

It is possible to affect clay material structure by several methods (natural, mechanical, chemical, biological and thermal) (Evtushenko et al. 2009). Hydrothermal clay treatment can be the most effective when it is accompanied by Rehbinder effect (adsorptive plastification) (Rebinder et al. 1972), which accelerates restructurisation and minimizes crystal defects in clay minerals for a short period of time (Evtushenko et al. 2006).

2 Methods and Approaches

X-ray phase material analysis has been done with a diffractometer “DRON-3”. XRD-pattern was shot with CuKα filtered radiation, – radiation (Ni – filter); voltage across the tube is 20 kw; anode tube current is 20 mA; measurement range is 10000–4000 counts per second; detectors rotation rate is 2,4 rot/min; angular mark is 10. Card index JCPDF was used for phase identification of elementary contacts durability formed without particles in clay slurry. The calculation was done according to Ur’ev model (1972, 2002) for low aggregate suspensions (Zubehin et al. 1995):

$$ {{\rm F}_1} = {{{\gamma_m}{\eta_{\hbox{min} }}{d^2}} \over {6{,}4}}, $$
(1)

  • where γm is share rate corresponding to complete structural destruction, s-1;

  • ηmin is effective viscosity corresponding to complete structural destruction, Pa s;

  • d is average particle diameter, m.

Differential-thermal analysis was done with a derivatograph OD-102.

3 Results and Discussion

Kaolin clay of local deposits has been studied, which show structural changes of clay mineral after steaming in a pressure vessel at pressure from 1 up to 4 MPa.

With X-ray phase analysis we determined constant phase clay composition before and after treatment, with significant deviations of kaolinite crystalline structure. Hydrothermal modification at saturated steam pressure up to 4 MPa drives up crystallinity index according to Hinckley and intensivity of main diffractional kaolinite reflections (Table 1), that testifies to a greater mineral structure order in the treated raw material (Shlykov et al. 2006).

Table 1. Change in “Hinckley crystallinity index” (Ch) of kaolinite after hydrothermal treatment
Full size table

But “Hinckley crystallinity index” Ch decrease depending on defects in layer composition. This parameter is not always applicable to index correlation of index characteristics with its real structure.

Basing on the said above the authors developed an estimation method of material structure sophistication degree according to the strength magnitude of elementary contact, formed between particles in clay suspensions.

It has been found that elementary contact strength decreases at hydrothermal treatment pressure and temperature increase by more than an order. Ranging by crystalline structure defects these kaolines can be placed as follows: Zhuravliniy Log > Glukhovetskiy > Kyshtymskiy > Prosyanovskiy and Novoselitskiy.

Some differences in endo-and exothermal processes during baking in kaoline samples depending on hydrothermal modification have been studied (Gorshkov et al. 1988). It has been determined that maximum endothermic effect of kaoline dehydration shifts towards higher temperatures that testifies to crystalline structure sophistication. Restructurisation results in additional hydration and lessening connection energy of crystal water in kaoline, facilitates water molecule extraction penetrating into basis of tetrahedral kaoline layers.

Thermal capacity change dependence of the studied materials during baking has been studied. In the temperature range 950–1020 °C there are several exothermic extreme values testifying to crystallization possibility of a variety of phase (β-crystobalite, mullite, sillimanite, γ-alumina). Structural change of the initial material causes temperature shifts at the initial crystallization phase, as in clays with clearly seen crystalline structure mullite is formed at lower temperature and in greater quantity than from disordered structure minerals.

4 Conclusions

Hence it has been determined that hydrothermal treatment improves significantly stabilization of clay minerals structure as well as ceramic material baking processes, that has been proved by several research methods. Due to crystallohydrate structure change, saturation, water molecule distribution in kaolinite structure dehydration parameters change, processes take place which cause temperature shift of new phase chilling point in the interval of lower temperatures.