Abstract
In hindsight, the thirty years David Bohm spent in London, as a Professor at Birkbeck College, were the calmest years of his life, at least compared to the anxieties of the previous decades. However, the first stage of his years in London was marked by meaningful intellectual changes, both in science and philosophy. He dropped his campaign for the causal interpretation and looked for a different epistemology and worldview in order to understand the quantum. It was not a quick transition as only in early 1970s the ideas of wholeness and order coalesced as a research program. While he kept up his duties as physics professor, his attraction to physics as it was being practiced dwindled, in particular due to his estrangement with plasma and solid physics as they were being practiced.
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- 1.
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Bohm (1962, 359–363).
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Bohm (1987, 40).
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Paavo Pylkkänen’s statement is in the introduction of Bohm et al. (1999, p. xix).
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Biederman to Bohm, 6 March 1960; Bohm to Biederman, 24 April 1960; both in (Bohm et al. 1999, pp. 3–4 and 8–19).
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Bohm to Biederman, 2 February 1961, (Bohm et al. 1999, p. 95). As the historian Eric Hobsbawm remarked, at least two features of Marxism should not be abandoned unless one gives up historical materialism as a way to change the world: (a) the triumph of socialism is the logical end of all historical evolution until the present, and (b) socialism marks the end of prehistory as it cannot and will not be an antagonistic society (Hobsbawm 1997, Chap. 11).
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Bohm to Melba Phillips, [end of 1951], in Talbot (2017, 142–143).
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Bohm (1959), Bohm and Carmi (1964) and Carmi and Bohm (1964). The papers were submitted on 13 Aug 1962 when Bohm was already at the Birkbeck College and Carmi was at the Yeshiva University in the US. Interview of David Bohm by Lillian Hoddeson on 1981 May 8, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4513; and Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-7.
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Interview of David Bohm by Lillian Hoddeson on 1981 May 8, AIP. Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, AIP.
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Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, AIP.
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Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, AIP. Obituary: David Pines (1924–2018), Nature, 560, 432, 20 Aug 2018.
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Bohm to Melba Philipps, [mid 1956], in Talbot (2017, 182–193).
- 13.
Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Sessions V and VII, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD USA.
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Quotations are from Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session VIII, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-7.
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Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Sessions VII and VIII, AIP. The full interview is available at https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories.
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All quotations came from Aldous Huxley’s foreword to Krishnamurti (1954).
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Moody (2017, 32–35).
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Moody (2017, 2). The artist considered that Krishnamurti did not value art, a criticism Bohm accepted. Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session VII, AIP. According to Bohm, “it was unfortunate that Schumacher did not manage to interest Krishnamurti in the language for all around. It would have helped Krishnamurti, and it would have helped Schumacher.” Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 April 3, Session XI, AIP.
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Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session VIII, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP.
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Bohm to Ross Lomanitz, 28 April 1965, (C.42), Bohm Papers. For the date of the “Certificate of Loss of Nationality”, see Stirling Colgate folder in Bohm Papers (C.8). “I would like very much to get the question of my US citizenship settled again”. Bohm to Stirling Colgate, 28 April 1965, Bohm Papers (C.8). Schrecker (2002, 92).
- 23.
Bohm to Aage Bohr, November 17, 1960, Aage Bohr Papers, Niels Bohr Archive, Copenhagen. The distinction between declaring not to be Communist and expressing active anti-Communism was not understood by Bohm’s first biographer David Peat (1997, pp. 254–255). Peat also asked “Why did he place his rejection of Communism at the end of the Second World War when in fact his letters from Brazil are staunchly pro-Communist?” I think Peat was not very sensitive to the carefully diplomatic manner in which Bohm wrote, in the statement previously cited: “Gradually however, and especially after the war was over, I began to see that …” Bohm to Ross Lomanitz, 21 Nov 1996, BP (C.42), underlined in the original. Stirling Colgate to George Owen (Deputy Director Visa Office—US State Dept), 4 Nov 4, 1966, BP (C.8).
- 24.
Bohm and Carmi (1964) and Carmi and Bohm (1964). So far these papers received only four citations, two of them were citations by the authors themselves. To be more precise, however, Bohm would still publish a later paper using collective coordinates (Bohm and Salt 1967), which has 32 citations so far. Source: Web of Science, accessed on 10 Oct 2018.
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Aharonov and Bohm (1961a, b, 1962, 1963, and 1964). Unfortunately, we do not have archival material to follow the development of Aharonov and Bohm’s collaboration. At the Bohm Papers, deposited at Birkbeck College, there is only one letter, from Aharonov to Bohm, at the folder C.1, dated probably 1961 because after their 1961 papers, reporting to Bohm his first teaching duties at the Yeshiva University: “I am now giving a course on Field-Theory and I find that teaching is not too bad after all. Most surprising of all—even my students enjoy it.”
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For a standard, comprehensive description of complementarity, see Bohr’s (1949) report of his discussions with Einstein.
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Bohm and Bub (1966a, 453–459). The debate on the measurement problem and on the Daneri-Loinger-Prosperi work, including the participation of Wigner, Rosenfeld, Bohm, Bub, Daneri, Loinger, Prosperi, and Klaus Tausk, among others, is analyzed in (Freire Junior 2015, 141–195). Bub’s follow-up in the debate with the Italian physicists is (Bub 1968a). On the spontaneous collapse approach, see Frigg (2009).
- 33.
Norbert Wiener, “Paper to be presented on May 3 [1952] before the American Physical Society by Norbert Wiener,” [7 pp, unpublished,] Box 29C, folder 678, Norbert Wiener Papers, Institute Archive, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
- 34.
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Costas Papaliolios to David Bohm, 17 February 1967 and 20 March 1967; Bohm to Papaliolios, 1 March 1967, 2 March 1967, 11 May 1967. Papaliolios Papers, Accession 14,811, Boxes 23, folder “Hidden variables,” and 10, folder “Bohm letters,” respectively; Harvard University Archives.
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Tutsch (1968).
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These Bohm’s letters are at Bohm Papers, Folders C.131, C.132, C.133, and C.135, respectively, Birkbeck College, London.
- 40.
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Bub (1997, p. xiii).
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Bohm (1965a, xi).
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Robert Worth to David Bohm, 26 Nov 1963; Anonymous report to R. Worth, 27 Nov 1963, Bohm Papers, Folder C.64. Bohm to Rosenfeld, 8 Sep 1965, with an enclosed review, Rosenfeld Papers. For other reviews, see C. W. Kilmister [Supplement to Nature, Dec 4 1965, pp. 986–987], who considered it a “most satisfactory book for background reading for anyone learning special relativity,” and G. C. Vittie [Science, 149(3682), 415–416, 1965], who criticized the misleading ideas conveyed by the lack of the tensor calculus. Vittie prodded Bohm titling his review “A ‘Three Plus One’ Dimensional Treatment.” However, Vittie misinterpreted Bohm when he wrote Bohm’s book implied to consider the “world of common-sense” as a “guide to the basic ideas of physics;” indeed our analysis suggests quite the opposite.
- 44.
Bohm to A. Loinger, 10 Nov 1966, C.130, Bohm Papers.
- 45.
Rosenfeld to Bohm, 6 Dec 1966, Rosenfeld Papers. Petersen’s dissertation was published as (Petersen 1968). For a presentation of Rosenfeld’s views as well as on the case with Petersen’s dissertation, see (Jacobsen 2012); see in particular p. 270, footnote 54, on the relationship between Rosenfeld and Petersen.
- 46.
Bohm to Rosenfeld, 8 Dec 1966, 13 Dec 1966, 15 May 1967; Rosenfeld to Bohm, 18 May 1967, 17 Jan 1968, 23 July 1968. Rosenfeld Papers. “Creativity” was not published in Nature in the end, it was too long, instead it appeared in the new journal Leonardo (Bohm 1968); it was the departure for a long research by Bohm which appeared as a book as (Bohm and Peat 1987) and, posthumously, in 1996, as (Bohm 1996). The symposium “Quantum Theory and Beyond” was the basis for the volume (Bastin 1971).
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Bohm to Rosenfeld, 08 Dec 1966, 4 Oct 1967, and 26 May 1968; Rosenfeld to Bohm, 19 Jan 1967, Rosenfeld Papers. Bohm to Donald Schumacher, 24 Oct 1966, 23 Nov 1966, and 20 Dec 1966, Bohm Papers, Folder C.130.
- 48.
The draft is D. Bohm and D. Schumacher, “On the failure of communication between Bohr and Einstein,” typescript, 9 pp, Folder B.44, Bohm Papers. Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 February 27, Session IX, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-9; and Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 April 3, Session XI, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-11. Accessed on 18 Oct 2018.
- 49.
Schumacher’s letters are cited in Henry Horak, “Philosophy, astrophysics, and time’s arrow. Donald Schumacher,” available at https://physics.ku.edu/astronomy/history/horak/17, accessed on 18 Oct 2018. Horak and Schumacher had previously co-authored the paper (Schumacher and Horak 1962). On Horak, see his obituary written by K. Horak, in Physics Today , 16 Jan 2013, https://doi.org/10.1063/pt.4.1765. The reported six papers were not published, at least in technical journals as far as I could check. The published paper is Schumacher (1974).
- 50.
- 51.
Kuhn is cited from Suppe (1974, 409–411).
- 52.
Bohm to J. Bub, on 19 April 1969, Folder C.137, Bohm Papers. Bub’s text is cited from Suppe (1974, 412–413).
- 53.
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Bastin (1971). The two subjects are in the papers (Bohm 1971a, d). In the latter paper, Bohm referred, “for a more detailed discussion of this question,” to the joint manuscripts D. Bohm and D. Schumacher, “On the role of language forms in experimental and theoretical physics,” and “On the failure of communication between Bohr and Einstein.” Neither were published. The former is a 27 pp typescript deposited at folder B.88, Bohm Papers, while the latter is a 9 pp typescript, folder B.44, Bohm Papers. Hiley’s paper is Hiley (1971).
- 55.
Bohm to J. Bub, 16 Dec 1966, Bohm Papers, Folder C.130.
- 56.
Bohm (1980). Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session XI, AIP, College Park, MD, USA.
- 57.
Bohm (1965b).
- 58.
- 59.
These recollections were obtained by the author with Jeffrey Bub in 2002 and 2014, see (Freire Junior 2015, 58).
- 60.
Bohm to Loinger, 12 October 1966, C.130, Bohm Papers. Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session X, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD, USA. Hagar (2014).
- 61.
Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session X, AIP, College Park, MD, USA.
- 62.
Bohm (1971b, 416). Biederman’s ideas are referred to Biederman (1948). However, in the talk at the Kyoto conference the same ideas were introduced—“one may say that order is based on a set of similar differences leading to different similarities”—without further reference (Bohm 1965b, 262). Interview of David Bohm by Maurice Wilkins on 1987 January 30, Session X, AIP, College Park, MD, USA.
- 63.
- 64.
Bohm (1973).
- 65.
See Bohm and Hiley (1981), Frescura and Hiley (1980a, b). Interview of Basil Hiley by Olival Freire on 2008 January 11, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/33822. Interview of Basil Hiley by Alexei Kojevnikov on 2000 December 5, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, AIP, College Park, MD USA, www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/31624.
- 66.
- 67.
- 68.
- 69.
Bell (1964).
- 70.
- 71.
Paty (1977).
- 72.
- 73.
Bohm and Hiley (1975).
- 74.
Bohm and Hiley (1975).
- 75.
Bohm and Hiley (1975).
- 76.
- 77.
Basil Hiley to Olival Freire, e-mail, 23 March 2019. Wilson et al. (1976). Alan Wilson was killed in a mountaineering accident just after the publication of his paper.
- 78.
Basil Hiley to Olival Freire, e-mail, 23 March 2019.
- 79.
Frisch (1971, 14).
- 80.
Hammerton (1971).
- 81.
- 82.
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Freire Junior, O. (2019). From the Causal Interpretation to the Wholeness and Order—The First Stage of the London Years (1960–1979). In: David Bohm. Springer Biographies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22715-9_5
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