Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries pp 249–276Cite as

Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water in Serbia: Risks to Food Safety

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 357 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Water ((SPWA))

Abstract

The human pathogen bacteria can colonize and contaminate fresh vegetables and fruits in any part of production chain. Water for irrigation is recognized as a potential source of pathogens that can cause foodborne illnesses. Water is a very effective vector of the transmission of human pathogen to plants, so microbiologically safe water has a unique role in a safe food production. Due to expected water scarcity, the availability of good-quality water for irrigation will be affected, and irrigated agriculture will be challenged. Therefore, a sufficient resource of quality water for irrigation is crucial for sustainable agricultural production. Generally, in Serbia, all surface water resources (canals and rivers) are polluted to some extent, which becomes obvious particularly during the growing season. Even the quality of shallow groundwater occasionally exhibits the levels of faecal indicator bacteria that exceed the limits proposed by international standards for irrigation water quality. The presence of Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. on different kind of fresh vegetables has been confirmed, using different methods, i.e. PCR, green fluorescent protein (Gfp) for transformation bacteria, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This research shows the ability of the human pathogens to surface, and endophytic colonize root, stem and leaf of different vegetables. This chapter deals with the detected water quality of sources used for irrigation in agricultural areas of Serbia, and the potential risks if water of poor quality is used for irrigation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akrong M, Ampofo J, Danso S (2012) The quality and health implications of urban irrigation water used for vegetable production in the Accra Metropolis. J Environ Prot 3:1509–1518

    Google Scholar 

  • Allende A, Monaghan JM (2015) Irrigation water quality for leafy crops: a perspective of risks and potential solutions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12(7):7457–7477

    Google Scholar 

  • Alobaidy AHMJ, Al-Sameraiy MA, Kadhem AJ, Majeed AA (2010) Evaluation of treated municipal wastewater quality for irrigation. J Environ Prot 1:216–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Amanidaz N, Zafarzadeh A, Mahvi AH (2015) The interaction between heterotrophic bacteria and coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci bacteria in the water supply networks. Iranian J Public Health 44(12):1685–1692

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1988). Water quality criteria for microbiological indicators: overview report. British Columbia, Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection, Resource Quality Section, Water Management Branch, Ministry of Environment and Parks. March 8, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1999) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of agricultural water uses, p 2. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines. CCME Publications, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1985) Water quality for agriculture. In: Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Rev 1. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Bae D, Seo KS, Zhang ST, Wang C (2013) Characterization of a potential Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor associated with attachment to fresh produce. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:6855–6861

    Google Scholar 

  • Barak DJ, Kramer CL, Hao L (2011) Colonization of tomato plants by Salmonella enterica is cultivar dependent, and type 1 trichomes are preferred colonization sites. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(2):498–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartram J, Cotruvo J, Exner M, Fricker C, Glasmacher A (2003) Heterotrophic plate counts and drinking-water safety: the significance of HPCs for water quality and human health. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Belić M, Savić R, Belić A (2003) Upotrebljivost voda za navodnjavanje. Vodoprivreda 35(201–202):37–49. (Water usability for irrigation. In Serbian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger CN, Shaw RK, Ruiz-Perez F, Nataro JP, Henderson IR, Pallen MJ, Frankel G (2009) Interaction of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli with salad leaves. Environ Microbiol Rep 1:234–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger CN, Sodha SV, Shaw RK, Griffin PM, Pink D, Hand P, Frankel G (2010) Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the trans-mission of human pathogens. Environ Microbiol 12:2385–2397

    Google Scholar 

  • Božić M, Nikolić G, Rudić Ž, Raičević V, Lalević B (2013) Constructed wetlands as an alternative restoration measure for shallow lakes. Water Sci Technol 68(7):1672–1678

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandl MT (2006) Fitness of Human Enteric Pathogens on Plants and Implications for Food Safety. Ann Rev Phytopathol 44:367–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Calzadilla A, Rehdanz K, Tol RSJ (2010) The economic impact of more sustainable water use in agriculture: a computable general equilibrium analysis. J Hydrol 384(3–4):292–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardamone C, Aleo A, Mammina C, Oliveri G, Di Notto AM (2015) Assessment of the microbiological quality of fresh produce on sale in Sicily, Italy: preliminary results. J Biol Res 22(1):3

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) Multistate Outbreak of listeriosis linked to packaged salads produced at Springfield, Ohio Dole Processing Facility. http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/baggedsalads-01–16/. Accessed on 7th December, 2017

  • Cooley MB, Miller WG, Mandrell RE (2003) Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana with Salmonella enterica or enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Ol57:H7 and com-petition by Enterobacter asburiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4915–4926

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis K, Anderson MA, Yates MV (2005) Distribution of indicator bacteria in Canyon Lake, California. Water Res 39(7):1277–1288

    Google Scholar 

  • Decol LT, Casarin LS, Hessel CT, Batista ACF, Allende A, Tondo EC (2017) Microbial quality of irrigation water used in leafy green production in Southern Brazil and its relationship with produce safety. Food Microbiol 65:105–113

    Google Scholar 

  • DIN, Deutsches Institut für Normung eV (1999) DIN 19650:1999-02: Irrigation—Hygienic concerns of irrigation water

    Google Scholar 

  • Doan CH, Da Vidson PM (2000) Microbiology of potatoes and potato products: a review. J Food Prot 63:668–683

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulic Z, Kljujev I, Raicevic V, Zivic I, Markovic Z, Stankovic M, Poleksic V (2008) Estimation of irrigation water quality using coliform bacteria, zooplankton and zoobenthos as indicators. Archiv Biol Sci 60(1):11P–12P

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1997) Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach. Land and Water Bulletin 4. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2004) Economic valuation of water resources in agriculture: from the sectoral to a functional perspective of natural resources management. Water Reports 27. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Feachem RG, Bradley DJ, Garelick H, Mara DD (1983) Sanitation and disease; health aspects of excreta and wastewater management: world Bank studies in water supply and sanitation 3. The World Bank, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Forslund A, Ensink JH, Markussen B, Battilani A, Psarras G, Gola S, Sandei L, Fletcher T, Dalsgaard A (2012) Escherichia coli contamination and health aspects of soil and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) subsurface drip irrigated with on-site treated domestic wastewater. Water Res 46(18):5917–5934

    Google Scholar 

  • Forslund A, Ensink JHJ, Battilani A, Kljujev I, Gola S, Raičević V, Jovanović Z, Stikić R, Sandei L, Fletcher T, Dalsgaard A (2010) Faecal contamination and hygiene aspect associated with the use of treated wastewater and canal water for irrigation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Agric Water Manag 98(3):440–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz E, Visser AA, Van Diepeningen AD, Klerks MM, Termorshuizen AJ, van Bruggen AH (2007) Quantification of contamination of lettuce by GFP-expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Food Microbiol 24:106–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitag NE, Port GC, Miner MD (2009) Listeria monocytogenes—From saprophyte to intracellular pathogen. Nature Rev Microbiol 7:623–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Gemmell ME, Schmidt S (2010) Potential links between irrigation water quality and microbiological quality of food in subsistence farming in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In: Mendez-Vilas A (ed) Current research, technology and education topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology, pp 1190–1195

    Google Scholar 

  • Holvoet I, Sampers M, Seynnaeve M, Uyttendaele M (2014) Relationships among hygiene indicators and enteric pathogens in irrigation water, soil and lettuce and the impact of climatic conditions on contamination in the lettuce primary production. Int J Food Microbiol 171:21–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Iniguez AL, Dong Y, Carter HD, Ahmer BM, Stone JM, Triplett EW (2005) Regulation of enteric endophytic bacterial colonization by plant defenses. Molecul Plant-Microbe Interact 18:169–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablasone J, Warriner K, Griffiths M (2005) Interactions of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in plants cultivated in a gnotobiotic system. Int J Food Microbiol 99:7–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung Y, Jang H, Matthews KR (2014) Effect of the food production chain from farm practices to vegetable processing on outbreak incidence. Microbial Biotechnol 7:517–527

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmakar K, Nath U, Nataraja KN, Chakravortty D (2018) Root mediated uptake of Salmonella is different from phyto-pathogen and associated with the colonization of edible organs. BMC Plant Biol 18(1):344

    Google Scholar 

  • Klerks MM, van Gent-Pelzer M, Franz E, Zijlstra C, van Bruggen AHC (2007) Physiological and molecular response of Lactuca sativa to colonization by Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4905–4914

    Google Scholar 

  • Kljujev I, Raicevic V, Jovicic-Petrovic J, Vujovic B, Mirkovic M, Rothballer M (2018a) Listeria monocytogenes—Danger for health safety vegetable production. Microbial Pathogenesis 120:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Kljujev I, Raicevic V, Vujovic B, Rothballer M, Schmid M (2018b) Salmonella as an endophytic colonizer of plants—A risk for health safety vegetable production. Microbial Pathogenesis 115:199–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopper G, Mirecki S, Kljujev I, Raicevic V, Lalevic B, Jovicic-Petrovic J, Stojanovski S, Blazekovic-Dimovska D (2014) Hygiene in primary production. In: Motarjemi Y, Lelieveld H (eds) Food Safety Management a Practical Guide for the Food Industry, pp 561–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutter S, Hartmann A, Schmid M (2006) Colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) with Salmonella enterica and Listeria spp. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 56:262–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyere OE, Palmer J, Wargent JJ, Fletcher CG, Flint S (2019) Colonisation of lettuce by Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Sci Technol 54:14–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapidot A, Romling U, Yaron S (2006) Biofilm formation and the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on parsley. Int J Food Microbiol 109:229–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Levantesi C, Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Grohmann E, Toze S, Tandoi V (2012) Salmonella in surface and drinking water: occurrence and water-mediated transmission. Food Res Int 45(2):587–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Whitehouse CA, Li B (2018) Presence and persistence of Salmonella in water: the impact on microbial quality of water and food safety. Front Public Health 6:159

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y, Nou X, Yang Y, Alegre I, Turner E, Feng H, Abadias M, Conway W (2011) Determination of free chlorine concentrations needed to prevent Escherichia coli O157:H7 cross-contamination during fresh-cut produce wash. J Food Prot 74:352–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Maffei DF, Silveira NFA, Catanozi MPLM (2013) Microbiological quality of organic and conventional vegetables sold in Brazil. Food Control 29:226–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandrell RE (2011) Tracing pathogens in fruit and vegetable production chains. In: Brul S, Fratamico PM, McMeekin T (eds) Tracing Pathogens in the Food Chain, pp 548–595. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Massarutto A (2003) Water pricing and Irrigation Water demand. Economic efficiency versus environmental sustainability. Eur Environ 13:100–119

    Google Scholar 

  • McLauchlin J, Mitchell RT, Smerdon WJ, Jewell K (2004) Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis: a review of hazard characterization for use in microbiological risk assessment of foods. Int J Food Microbiol 92:15–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy S, Gaffney MT, Fanning S, Burgess CM (2016) Potential for transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Senftenberg from contaminated food waste derived compost and anaerobic digestate liquid to lettuce plants. Food Microbiol 59:7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Nešić Lj, Hadžić V, Sekulić P, Belić M (2003) Kvalitet vode za navodnjavanje i salinitet zemljišta u intenzivnoj povrtarskoj proizvodnji. Letopis naučnih radova/Ann Agron 27(1):5–10. (Irrigation water quality and soil salinity in intensive vegetable production. In Serbian)

    Google Scholar 

  • NicAogain K, O’Byrne CP (2016) The role of stress and stress adaptations in determining the fate of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the food chain. Front Microbiol 7:1865

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson FA, Groves SJ, Chambers BJ (2005) Pathogen survival during livestock manure storage and following land application. Bioresour Technol 96:135–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira M, Vinas I, Usall J, Anguera M, Abadias M (2012) Presence and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce leaves and in soil treated with contaminated compost and irrigation water. Int J Food Microbiol 156:133–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachepsky Y, Shelton DR, McLain JET, Patel J, Mandrell RE (2011) Irrigation waters as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: a review. Adv Agron 113:73–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Panu US, Sharma TC (2002) Challenges in drought research: some perspectives and future directions. Hydrol Sci J des Sc Hydrologiques 47(S). Special Issue: Towards Integrated Water Resources Management for Sustainable Development, pp S19–S30

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel J, Sharma M, Ravishakar S (2011) Effect of curli expression and hydrophobicity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on attachment to fresh produce surfaces. J Appl Microbiol 110:737–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Petković S (2003) Strategija razvoja navodnjavanja u Srbiji. Vodoprivreda, 35(201–202):3–9. (Strategy for irrigation development in Serbia. In Serbian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Poimenidou SV, Chatzithoma DN, Nychas GJ, Skandamis PN (2016) Adaptive response of Listeria monocytogenes to heat, salinity and low pH, after habituation on cherry tomatoes and lettuce leaves. PLoS ONE 11:e0165746

    Google Scholar 

  • Radić D, Gujaničić V, Petričević J, Raičević V, Lalević B, Rudić Ž, Božić M (2013) Macrophytes as remediation technology in improving Ludas Lake Sediment. Fresen Environ Bullet 22(6):1787–1791

    Google Scholar 

  • Rey D, Holman IP, Daccache A, Morris J, Weatherhead EK, Knox JW (2016) Modelling and mapping the economic value of supplemental irrigation in a humid climate. Agric Water Manag 173:13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • RHMZ (2005–2010) Hydrological yearbook. Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohmah Y, Rinanti A, Hendrawan DI (2018) The determination of groundwater quality based on the presence of Escherichia coli on populated area (a case study: Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta). IOP Conference Series: Earth Environ Sci 106(1):012079

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudić Ž, Nikolić G, Stević D, Božić M, Mačkić K, Potkonjak S (2019) Achieving sustainable irrigation development in agricultural areas of Serbia with limited water resources. Outlook on Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727019831019

  • Rudić Ž, Vujović B, Božić M, Arizanović T, Raičević V (in press) Relationships between water and sediment quality parameters and faecal bacteria content in the Palic-Ludas canal, Serbia. Int J Environ Pollut

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudic Z, Vujovic B, Jovanovic Lj, Kikovic D, Kljujev I, Bozic M, Raicevic V (2018) Potential and constraints of macrophyte manipulation for shallow lake management. In: Shiomi N (ed) Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, pp 127–147. Intech, Zagreb

    Google Scholar 

  • RZS (2013) Census of Agriculture 2012. Agriculture in the Republic of Serbia, book 1 and 2. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldana Z, Sánchez E, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Puente LJ, Girón AJ (2011) Surface structures involved in plant stomata and leaf colonization by Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2:119

    Google Scholar 

  • Schikora A, Carreri A, Charpentier E, Hirt H (2008) The dark side of the salad: Salmonella Typhimurium overcomes the innate immune response of Arabidopsis thaliana and shows an endopathogenic lifestyle. PLoS ONE 3:e2279

    Google Scholar 

  • SEPA (2011–2014) Annual monitoring results of surface and groundwater quality. Agency for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirron N, Kisluk G, Zelikovich Y, Shimoni IE, Yaron S (2009) A comparative study assaying commonly used sanitizers for antimicrobial activity against indicator bacteria and a Salmonella Typhimurium strain on fresh produce. J Food Prot 7211:2413–2417

    Google Scholar 

  • Stauffer F, Makristathis A, Hassl A, Nowotny S, Neudorfer W (2001) Microbiological irrigation water quality of the Marchfeld Canal system. Int J Hygiene Environ Health 203:445–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele M, Odumeru J (2004) Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables. J Food Prot 67(12):2839–2849

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi K, Frank JF (2001) Quantitative determination of the role of lettuce leaf structures in protecting Eschericia coli O157:H7 from chlorine disinfection. J Food Prot 64:147–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Tambekar P, Batra RJ, Weginvar RG (2014) Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of certain water sources and industrial waste water samples in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra, India. J Chem Pharm Res 6(5):710–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan MSF, Rahman S, Dykes GA (2016) Pectin and xyloglucan influence the attachment of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall models. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:680–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Trajković S (2004) Irrigation water quality as indicator of sustainable rural development. Spatium 11:106–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Truchado P, Hernandez N, Gil MI, Ivanek R, Allend A (2018) Correlation between E. coli levels and the presence of foodborne pathogens in surface irrigation water: establishment of a sampling program. Water Res 128:226–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler HL, Triplett EW (2008) Plants as a habitat for beneficial and/or human pathogenic bacteria. Ann Rev Phytopathol 46:53–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrel SF, Knox JW, Weatherhead EK (2006) Microbiological water quality requirements for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom. J Food Prod 69:2029–2035

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (US FDA) (2009) Guidance for industry: guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of leafy greens. Draft guidance. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/ProductSpecificInformation/FruitsVegetablesJuices/FDAProduceSafetyActivities/ucm174086.htm

  • U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (US FDA) (2018) Recalls, market withdrawals & safety alerts. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/. Accessed on 10th January 2018

  • Uredba o graničnim vrednostima zagađujućih materija u površinskim i podzemnim vodama i sedimentu i rokovima za njihovo dostizanje (2012). „Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 50/2012 (Regulation on limits of pollutants in surface and ground water and sediment and deadlines for their achievement (2012). “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 50/2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Uyttendaele M, Jaykus LA, Amoah P, Chiodini A, Cunliffe D, Jacxsens L, Holvoet K, Korsten L, Lau M, McClure P, Medema G, Sampers I, Jasti PR (2015) Microbial hazards in irrigation water: standards, norms, and testing to manage use of water in fresh produce primary production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 14(4):336–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela M, Lagos B, Claret M, Mondaca MA, Pérez C, Parra O (2009) Faecal contamination of groundwater in a small rural dryland watershed in central Chile. Chilean J Agric Res 69(2):235–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Vranešević M, Blagojević B, Bezdan A, Savić R (2016) Kvalitet vode za navodnjavanje sa fruškogorskih akumulacija. Letopis naučnih radova/Annals of Agronomy 40(1):15–20. (Irrigation water quality from artificial reservoirs on Fruška Gora. In Serbian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vujović B, Teodorović S, Rudić Ž, Božić M, Raičević V (2016) Phenotypic heterogeneity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in the protected nature park ‘Palić’ (Serbia). Water Sci Tech Water Supply 16(5):1370–1377

    Google Scholar 

  • Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Chacón ES, Saldaña Z, Freer E, Girón JA (2009) Interaction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with leafy green produce. J Food Prot 72:1531–1537

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates MV (1985) Septic tank density and ground‐water contamination. Groundwater 23(5):586–591

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Q, Gooneratne R, Hussai MA (2017) Listeria monocytogenes in fresh produce: outbreaks, prevalence and contamination Levels. Foods 6:21

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia, Grant No. TR 37014 and TR 31080.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Jaroslava Černog 80, Belgrade, Serbia

    Željka Rudić & Mile Božić

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Microbial Ecology, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia

    Igor Kljujev, Bojana Vujović & Vera Raičević

Authors
  1. Željka Rudić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Igor Kljujev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bojana Vujović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mile Božić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Vera Raičević
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Željka Rudić .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Abdelazim M. Negm

  2. Faculty of Geography and Geology, University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași, Romania

    Gheorghe Romanescu

  3. Technical University of Kosice, Košice, Slovakia

    Martina Zelenakova

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rudić, Ž., Kljujev, I., Vujović, B., Božić, M., Raičević, V. (2020). Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water in Serbia: Risks to Food Safety. In: Negm, A., Romanescu, G., Zelenakova, M. (eds) Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22468-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation