Abstract
Active grids allow for the turbulence in experimental facilities to be tailored through a broad range of turbulence intensities and Reynolds numbers. This work provides an overview of the active grids that presently exist around the globe as well as advances in turbulence research that are a result of their use. Focus is placed on homogeneous turbulent flows, turbulent boundary layers, and model testing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
E. Bodenschatz, G.P. Bewley, H. Nobach, M. Sinhuber, H. Xu, Variable density turbulence tunnel facility. Rev. Sci. Inst. 85(093908) (2014)
R.B. Cal, J. Lebrón, L. Castillo, H.S. Kang, C. Meneveau, Experimental study of the horizontally averaged flow structure in a model wind-turbine array boundary layer. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2(013106) (2010)
H.E. Cekli, W. van de Water, Tailoring turbulence with an active grid. Exp. Fluids 49, 409–416 (2010)
A.H. Danesh-Yazdi, O. Goushcha, N. Elvin, Y. Andrepoulos, Fluidic energy harvesting beams in grid turbulence. Exp. Fluids 56, 161 (2015)
E. Dogan, R. Hanson, B. Ganapathisubramani, Interactions of large-scale free-stream turbulence with turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 802, 79–107 (2016)
E. Dogan, R.J. Hearst, B. Ganapathisubramani, Modelling high Reynolds number wall-turbulence interactions in laboratory experiments using large-scale free-stream turbulence. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 375(2089), 20160091 (2017)
D. Fries, B.A. Ochs, D. Ranjan, S. Menon, Hot-wire and PIV characterisation of a novel small-scale turbulent channel flow facility developed to study premixed expanding flames. J. Turbul. 18(11), 1081–1103 (2017)
K.P. Griffin, N.J. Wei, E. Bodenschatz, G. Bewley, Control of long-range correlations in turbulence. Exp. Fluids 60, 55 (2019). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00348-019-2698-1
R.J. Hearst, B. Ganapathisubramani, Tailoring incoming shear and turbulence profiles for lab-scale wind turbines. Wind Energy 20, 2021–2035 (2017)
R.J. Hearst, P. Lavoie, The effect of active grid initial conditions on high Reynolds number turbulence. Exp. Fluids 56(10), 185 (2015)
R.J. Hearst, G. Gomit, B. Ganapathisubramani, Effect of turbulence on the wake of a wall-mounted cube. J. Fluid Mech. 804, 513–530 (2016)
R.J. Hearst, E. Dogan, B. Ganapathisubramani, Robust features of a turbulent boundary layer subjected to high-intensity free-stream turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 851, 416–435 (2018)
H. Kang, S. Chester, C. Meneveau, Decaying turbulence in an active-grid-generated flow and comparisons with large-eddy simulation. J. Fluid Mech. 480, 129–160 (2003)
P. Knebel, A. Kittel, J. Peinke, Atmospheric wind field conditions generated by active grids. Exp. Fluids 51, 471–481 (2011)
L. Kröger, J. Frederik, J.W. van Wingerden, J. Peinke, M. Hölling, Generation of user defined turbulent inflow conditions by an active grid for validation experiments. J. Phys: Conf. Ser. 1037, 052002 (2018)
J.V. Larssen, W.J. Devenport, On the generation of large-scale homogeneous turbulence. Exp. Fluids 50, 1207–1223 (2011)
A.M. Lawrence, A. Vinod, A. Banerjee, Effect of free-stream turbulence on the loads experienced by a marine hydrokinetic turbine, in Proceedings ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2016-68395 (2016)
H. Makita, Realization of a large-scale turbulence field in a small wind tunnel. Fluid Dyn. Res. 8, 53–64 (1991)
F. Marti, O. Martinez, D. Mazo, J. Garman, D. Dunn-Rankin, Evaporation of a droplet larger than the Kolmogorov length scale immersed in a relative mean flow. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 88, 63–68 (2017)
T. Michioka, A. Sato, K. Sada, Wind-tunnel experiments for gas dispersion in an atmospheric boundary layer with large-scale turbulent motion. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 141, 35–51 (2011)
I.A. Mulla, R. Sampath, S.R. Chakravarthy, Interaction of lean premixed flame with active grid generated turbulence. Heat Mass Trans. 1–13 (2018)
L. Mydlarski, A turbulent quarter century of active grids: from Makita (1991) to the present. Fluid Dyn. Res. 49(061401) (2017)
L. Mydlarski, Z. Warhaft, On the onset of high-Reynolds-number grid-generated wind tunnel turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 320, 331–368 (1996)
L. Mydlarski, Z. Warhaft, Passive scalar statistics in high-Péclet-number grid turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 358, 135075 (1998)
M. Obligado, T. Teitelbaum, A. Cartellier, P. Mininni, M. Bourgoin, Preferential concentration of heavy particles in turbulence. J. Turbul. 15(5), 293–310 (2014)
R. Poorte, A. Biesheuvel, Experiments on the motion of gas bubbles in turbulence generated by an active grid. J. Fluid Mech. 461, 127–154 (2002)
D.B. Quinn, A. Watts, T. Nagle, D. Lentink, A new low-turbulence wind tunnel for animal and small vehicle flight experiments. R. Soc. Open Sci. 4, 160960 (2017)
S. Rockel, J. Peinke, M. Hölling, R.B. Cal, Dynamic wake development of a floating wind turbine in free pitch motion subjected to turbulent inflow generated with an active grid. Renew. Energy 112, 1–16 (2017)
N. Sharp, S. Neuscamman, Z. Warhaft, Effects of large-scale free stream turbulence on a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Fluids 21(095105) (2009)
C.S. Shet, M.R. Cholemari, S.V. Veeravalli, Eurleria spatial and temperal autocorrelations: assessment of Taylor’s hypothesis and a model. J. Turbul. 18(12), 1105–1119 (2017)
T. Skeledzic, J. Krauss, H. Lienhart, O. Ertunc, J. Jovanovic, Characterization of turbulence generated by an active grid with individually controllable paddles. In: A. Dillmann, G. Heller, E. Krämer, C. Wagner, S. Bansmer, R. Radespiel, R. Semaan (eds.) New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics XI, vol. 136. (Springer, Berlin, 2018), pp. 105–114
M.J. Sytsma, L. Ukeiley, Mean loads from wind-tunnel turbulence on low-aspect-ratio flat plates. J. Aircraft 50(3), 863–870 (2013)
M. Talavera, F. Shu, Experimental study of turbulence intensity influence on wind turbine performance and wake recovery in a low-speed wind tunnel. Renew. Energy 109, 363–371 (2017)
Acknowledgements
I thank the organising committee of the iTi conference for inviting me to deliver the talk upon which this overview is based. I would also like to thank the co-authors of my previous active grid campaigns (P. Lavoie, B. Ganapathisubramani, E. Dogan and G. Gomit) for their work, input, and support throughout the years.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hearst, R.J. (2019). The Use of Active Grids in Experimental Facilities. In: Örlü, R., Talamelli, A., Peinke, J., Oberlack, M. (eds) Progress in Turbulence VIII. iTi 2018. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 226. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22196-6_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22196-6_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22195-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22196-6
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)