Gender, Violent Extremism and Countering It

Pearson, Elizabeth; Winterbotham, Emily; Brown, Katherine E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21962-8_2

Elizabeth Pearson⁵,
Emily Winterbotham⁶ &
Katherine E. Brown⁷

Part of the book series: Rethinking Political Violence ((RPV))

565 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter critically explores the existing literature and understandings of the gender dynamics of violent extremism and countering it. It outlines the ways in which violent extremism has been framed as a male phenomenon, and women’s participation has been neglected. This has generated a number of flawed assumptions regarding women’s roles in countering violent extremism (CVE). This chapter suggests ways in which security studies might progress, not through the simple addition of women, but via a reframing of the way in which gender is understood to incorporate power dynamics, and men.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 79.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 99.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 99.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
As contained in: A/RES/62/272 (2008); A/RES/64/297 (2010); A/RES/66/282
(2012); A/RES/68/276 (2014); A/RES/70/291 (2016), A/RES/72/284 (2018).
2.
See pp. 6–12 of Gender, Religion, Extremism: Finding Women in Anti-Radicalization for a discussion of sex and gender.
3.
_{Unpublished data based on RUSI’s} _{meta-level evaluation} _{of CVE activities worldwide.}
4.
The Prevent strategy was reformulated in 2011 to be more security-focused.
5.
Produced throughout 2020 in a series of thematic publications.

References

Abdilatif, Mohamed. 2017. Engaging Women in Preventing and Countering Extremist Violence in Kenya (2016/2017 Supplementary Fund). Draft. UN Women, Supported by the Government of Japan.
Google Scholar
Ahmadi, Belquis, and Sadaf Lakhani. 2016. Afghan Women and Violent Extremism. Special Report 396. USIP.
Google Scholar
Albright, Madeleine, and Mehdi Jomaa. 2017. Liberal Democracy and the Path to Peace and Security, A Report of the Community of Democracies’ Democracy and Security Dialogue. ISS: Brookings Institute.
Google Scholar
Alison, Miranda. 2003. Cogs in the Wheel? Women in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Civil Wars 6 (4): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698240308402554.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2004. Women as Agents of Political Violence: Gendering Security. Security Dialogue 35 (4): 447–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010604049522.
Article Google Scholar
Alonso, H.H. 1995. Why Women’s Peace History? Peace & Change 20 (1): 48–52.
Article Google Scholar
Ayub, Fatima, and Sari Kouvo. 2008. Righting the Course? Humanitarian Intervention, the War on Terror and the Future of Afghanistan. International Affairs 84 (4): 641–657.
Article Google Scholar
Bakker, Edwin. 2006. Jihadi Terrorists in Europe: Their Characteristics and the Circumstances in Which They Joined the Jihad: An Exploratory Study. Clingendael CSCP Paper. The Hague: Clingendael Institute. http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20061200_cscp_csp_bakker.pdf.
Barakat, Sultan, Antonio Giustozzi, Christopher Langton, Michael Murphy, Mark Sedra, and Arne Strand. 2008. Understanding Afghanistan—Strategic Conflict Assessment. Final Research Report 2.4. London: Department for Foreign and International Development.
Google Scholar
Bartlett, Jamie, and Carl Miller. 2012. The Edge of Violence: Towards Telling the Difference Between Violent and Non-Violent Radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.594923.
Article Google Scholar
BBC News. 2018. Family Bombers in New Indonesia Attack, 14 May 2018, sec. Asia. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44105279.
Beauvoir, Simone de. 1949. The Second Sex. New ed. London: Vintage Classics.
Google Scholar
Beech, Hannah. 2018. After an Indonesian Family’s Suicide Attack, a Quest for Answers. The New York Times, May 29, sec. Times Insider. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/insider/indonesian-family-suicide-bombers.html.
Berger, J.M. 2016. Making CVE Work: A Focused Approach Based on Process Disruption. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, The Hague. http://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/J.-M.-Berger-Making-CVE-Work-A-Focused-Approach-Based-on-Process-Disruption-.pdf.
Berry, Kim. 2003. The Symbolic Use of Afghan Women in the War on Terror. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 27 (2): 137–160. www.jstor.org/stable/23524156.
Google Scholar
Bhulai, Rafia, Allison Peters, and Christina Nemr. 2016. Advancing an Integrated Approach to Women and Countering Violent Extremism. Policy Brief. Global Center on Cooperative Security.
Google Scholar
Bidegain Ponte, N., and C. Enriquez. 2016. Agenda 2030: A Bold Enough Framework Towards Sustainable, Gender-just Development? Gender & Development 24 (1): 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1142227.
Article Google Scholar
Big Think. 2011. Judith Butler: Your Behavior Creates Your Gender. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDc.
Bloom, Mia. 2011. Bombshell: The Many Faces of Women Terrorists. London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
Book Google Scholar
Borum, Randy. 2011. Radicalisation into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories. Journal of Strategic Security 4 (4): 7–36. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26463910.
Article Google Scholar
Bracke, Sarah. 2011. Subjects of Debate: Secular and Sexual Exceptionalism, and Muslim Women in the Netherlands. Feminist Review 98 (1): 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.5.
Article Google Scholar
Brown, Sarah. 1988. Feminism, International Theory, and International Relations of Gender Inequality. Millennium 17 (3): 461–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298880170031101.
Article Google Scholar
Brown, Katherine E. 2011. Blinded by the Explosion? Security and Resistance in Muslim Women’s Suicide Terrorism. In Women, Gender, and Terrorism, ed. Laura Sjoberg and Caron E. Gentry. Studies in Security and International Affairs. University of Georgia Press.
Google Scholar
———. 2013. Gender and Counter-Radicalisation: Women and Emerging Counter-Terror Measures. In Gender, National Security and Counter-Terrorism, ed. Jayne Huckerby and Margaret L. Satterthwaite. Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
———. 2020. Gender and Anti-radicalisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Brown, Katherine, Jayne Huckerby, Laura J. Shepherd. 2019. Gender Mainstreaming Principles, Dimensions and Priorities for PVE. UN Women.
Google Scholar
Brunner, Claudia. 2007. Occidentalism Meets the Female Suicide Bomber: A Critical Reflection on Recent Terrorism Debates; A Review Essay. Signs 32 (4): 957–971. https://doi.org/10.1086/512490.
Article Google Scholar
Burman, Erica. 2008. Beyond “Women vs. Children” or “Women and Children”: Engendering Childhood and Reformulating Motherhood. The International Journal of Children’s Rights 16 (2): 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181808X301773.
Article Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 2006. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New ed. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Caprioli, M. 2005. Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict. International Studies Quarterly 49 (2): 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2005.00340.x.
Article Google Scholar
Caprioli, Mary, and Mark Boyer. 2001. Gender, Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002701045004005.
Carter, Becky. 2013. Women and Violent Extremism. Research Helpdesk Report. GSDRC.
Google Scholar
Charles, Nickie, and Charlotte Aull Davies. 2000. Cultural Stereotypes and the Gendering of Senior Management. The Sociological Review 48 (4): 544–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00232.
Article Google Scholar
Chowdhury Fink, Naureen, Sara Zeiger, and Rafia Bhulai. 2016. A Man’s World—Introduction. Abu Dhabi: Hedayah and The Global Center on Cooperative Security. http://www.hedayah.ae/pdf/a-man-s-world.pdf.
Google Scholar
Cobain, Ian and Matthew Taylor. 2016. Far-right terrorist Thomas Mair jailed for life for Jo Cox murder. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/23/thomas-mair-found-guilty-of-jo-cox-murder.
Cockburn, Cynthia, and Cynthia Enloe. 2012. Militarism, Patriarchy and Peace Movements. International Feminist Journal of Militarism 14 (4): 550–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2012.726098.
Article Google Scholar
Cohen, Dara Kay. 2013. Female Combatants and the Perpetration of Violence: Wartime Rape in the Sierra Leone Civil War. World Politics 65 (3): 383–415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887113000105.
Article Google Scholar
Cook, Joana, and Gina Vale. 2018. From Daesh to Diaspora: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State/ICSR. London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. http://icsr.info/2018/07/icsr-report-launch-daesh-diaspora-tracing-women-minors-islamic-state/.
Google Scholar
———. 2019. From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’ II: The Challenges Posed by Women and Minors After the Fall of the Caliphate. CTC Sentinel 12 (6): 30–45.
Google Scholar
Cornwall, A., and A. Rivas. 2015. From ‘Gender Equality and ‘Women’s Empowerment’ to Global Justice: Reclaiming a Transformative Agenda for Gender and Development. Third World Quarterly 36 (2): 396–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341.
Article Google Scholar
Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. 2015. Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism. United Nations. https://www.un.org/counterterrctitf/en/plan-action-prevent-violent-extremism.
Couture, Krista London. 2014a. A Gendered Approach to Countering Violent Extremism. Foreign Policy at Brookings, July. Brookings Institute, Washington. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Women-CVE-Formatted-72914-Couture-FINAL2.pdf.
———. 2014b. A Gendered Approach to Countering Violent Extremism: Lessons Learned from Women in Peacebuilding and Conflict Prevention Applied Successfully in Bangladesh and Morocco. Policy Paper. Centre for 21st Security and Intelligence.
Google Scholar
Crone, Manni. 2016. Radicalisation Revisited: Violence, Politics and the Skills of the Body. International Affairs 92 (3): 587–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12604.
Article Google Scholar
Cunningham, Karla J. 2003. Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26 (3): 171–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100390211419.
Article Google Scholar
Dabiq. 2015. Daesh Propaganda. ‘A Brief Interview with Umm Basir Al-Muhajirah.’ To Our Sisters, Dabiq Issue 7, From Hypocrisy to Apostasy: The Extinction of the Grayzone.
Google Scholar
Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja. 2010. Violent Radicalisation in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33 (9): 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2010.501423.
Article Google Scholar
de Jonge Oudraat, Chantal. 2016. Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism: The Role of Women and Women’s Organizations. In A Man’s World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism, ed. Naureen Chowdhury Fink, Sara Zeiger, and Rafia Bhulai. New York and Abu Dhabi: Center for Global Cooperative Security and the Hedayah Center. https://gsdrc.org/document-library/mans-world-exploring-the-roles-of-women-in-counter-terrorism-and-violent-extremism/.
De Leede, Seran, Renate Haupfleisch, Katja Korolkova, and Monika Natter. 2017. Radicalisation and Violent Extremism—Focus on Women: How Women Become Radicalised, and How to Empower Them to Prevent Radicalisation. Brussels: European Parliament.
Google Scholar
DFID. 2013. Countering Violent Extremism and Terrorism: DFID’s Role and Contribution.
Google Scholar
Dhar, Suneeta. 2018. Gender and Sustainable Development Goals. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 25 (1): 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521517738451.
Article Google Scholar
Dixon, Jeffrey. 2009. What Causes Civil Wars? Integrating Quantitative Research Findings. International Studies Review 11 (4): 707–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00892.x.
Article Google Scholar
Due Billing, Y., and M. Alvesson. 2000. Questioning the Notion of Feminine Leadership: A Critical Perspective on the Gender Labelling of Leadership. Gender, Work and Organization 7 (3): 144–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00103.
Article Google Scholar
Dufour-Genneson, Ségolène, and Mayesha Alam. 2014. Women and Countering Violent Extremism. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. https://giwps.georgetown.edu/resource/women-and-countering-violent-extremism/.
Eggert, Jennifer Philippa. 2015. Women Fighters in the “Islamic State” and al-Qaida in Iraq: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of International Peace and Organization 90 (3–4): 363–380. www.jstor.org/stable/24868700.
Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara. 2005. A New Counterterrorism Strategy: Feminism. AlterNet, May 9. http://www.alternet.org/story/21973/a_new_counterterrorism_strategy%3A_feminism.
El Haitami, Meriem. 2014. Women in Morocco: Re-Conceptualizing Religious Activism. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 30 (4): 146–159.
Article Google Scholar
Elshimi, M.S. 2017. De-Radicalisation in the UK Prevent Strategy: Security, Identity and Religion. 1st ed. London and New York: Routledge.
Book Google Scholar
Elworthy, Scilla, and Gabrielle Rifkind. 2005. Hearts and Minds: Human Security Approaches to Political Violence. London: Demos.
Google Scholar
Enloe, Cynthia. 2001. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Updated Edition with a New Preface: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. 2nd Rev. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Google Scholar
———. 2014. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Book Google Scholar
European Commission. 2015. Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Transforming the Lives of Girls and Women through EU External Relations 2016–2020. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/staff-working-document-gender-2016-2020-20150922_en.pdf.
———. 2017. Operational Guidelines on the Preparation and Implementation of EU Financed Actions Specific to Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism in Third Countries. Text. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/europe-aid/operational-guidelines-preparation-and-implementation-eu-financed-actions-specific-countering_en.
Europol. 2019. European Union. EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2019-te-sat.
Fattah, Khaled, and K.M. Fierke. 2009. A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East. European Journal of International Relations 15 (1): 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108100053.
Article Google Scholar
Gentry, Caron E., and Laura Sjoberg. 2008. Profiling Terror: Gender, Strategic Logic, and Emotion in the Study of Suicide Terrorism. Österreichische Zeitschrift Für Politikwissenschaft 37 (2): 181–196. http://www.oezp.at/getMagazine.php?id=55.
Google Scholar
Georgetown University. 2014. Summary Document and Analysis Women and Countering Violent Extremism United Nations Conference October 27, 2014. Georgetown University. https://giwps.georgetown.edu/sites/giwps/files/Women%20and%20Countering%20Violent%20Extremism.pdf.
Gilsnen, Kathy. 2014. The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women. The Atlantic, July 25. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047.
Giscard d’Estaing, Sophie. 2017. Engaging Women in Countering Violent Extremism: Avoiding Instrumentalisation and Furthering Agency. Gender & Development 25 (1): 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2017.1279823.
Article Google Scholar
Glazzard, Andrew, Sasha Jesperson, Emily Winterbotham, Sneha Reddy-Tumu, and Harriet Allan. 2015. Drivers of Violent Extremism: Hypotheses and Literature Review. London: Royal United Services Institute.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Perez, Margaret. 2008. Women and Terrorism: Female Activity in Domestic and International Terror Groups. 1st ed. London and New York: Routledge.
Book Google Scholar
Gunawardena, Arjuna. 2006. Female Black Tigers: A Different Breed of Cat? In Female Suicide Bombers. Dying for Equality? ed. Yoram Schweitzer, 81–90. Tel Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.
Google Scholar
Haq, Farhat. 2007. Militarism and Motherhood: The Women of the Lashkar-i-Tayyabia in Pakistan. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 32 (4): 1023–1046. https://doi.org/10.1086/512729.
Article Google Scholar
Hardy, J. 2001. Everything is Old Again: The Use of Gender-Based Terrorism Against Women. Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military 19 (2): 3–38.
Google Scholar
Haslanger, Sally. 2017. Gender and Social Construction: Who, What, When, Where How? In Applied Ethics: A Multicultural Approach, ed. Larry May and Jill B. Delston, 299–305. Routledge.
Google Scholar
Hedayah. 2015. Different Roles of Women in CVE. https://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/WomenCVE-Project-Desc_Feb2015_FINAL.pdf.
Hedayah and the Global Center on Cooperative Security. 2014. The Roles of Families and Communities in Strengthening Community Resilience Against Violent Extremism Meeting Note May 2014 https://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/MeetingNote_FamiliesandCommunities_FINAL_May2014.pdf.
Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar. 2008. Female Warriors, Martyrs and Suicide Attackers: Women in the LTTE. International Review of Modern Sociology 34 (1): 1–25.
Google Scholar
Heydemann, Steven. 2014. Countering Violent Extremism as a Field of Practice. USIP Insights, no. 1: 11.
Google Scholar
Holland, J. 2012. Blair’s War on Terror: Selling Intervention to Middle England. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 14 (Feb.): 74–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00469.x.
Article Google Scholar
Huckerby, Jayne. 2011. Women and Preventing Violent Extremism: The U.S. and U.K. Experiences. NYU School of Law: Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. http://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Women-and-Violent-Extremism-The-US-and-UK-Experiences.pdf.
———. 2015. The Complexities of Women, Peace, Security and Countering Violent Extremism. Just Security (blog), September 24. https://www.justsecu-rity.org/26337/womens-rights-simple-tool-counterterrorism/.
———. 2016. Women, Gender and the U.K. Government’s CVE Efforts: Looking Back and Forward. In A Man’s World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism, 76–99. Hedayah and The Global Center on Cooperative Security. http://www.hedayah.ae/pdf/a-man-s-world-1.pdf.
———. 2020. In Harm’s Way: Gender and Human Rights in National Security. Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy 27 (1): 179–202.
Google Scholar
Hudson, Valerie M., Bonnie Ballif-Spanvill, Mary Caprioli, and Chad F. Emmett. 2012. Sex and World Peace. New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
Hunt, Krista. 2007. Embedded Feminism and the War on Terror. In (En) Gendering the War on Terror: War Stories and Camouflaged Politics, ed. Krista Hunt and Kim Rygiel. Aldershot: Ashgate Pub Co.
Google Scholar
Ibifuro, Alasia Joy. 2015. Demystifying Extremism in Nigeria Understanding the Dynamics of Boko Haram. Accord (blog), October. https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/demystifying-extremism-in-nigeria/.
Idris, Iffat, and Ayat Abdelaziz. 2017. Women and Countering Violent Extremism. Helpdesk Research Report. GSDRC.
Google Scholar
Institute for Economics and Peace. 2015. Global Terrorism Index 2015. College Park, MD: START.
Google Scholar
———. 2016. Global Terrorism Index 2016. College Park, MD: START.
Google Scholar
———. 2017. Global Terrorism Index 2017. College Park, MD: START.
Google Scholar
———. 2019. Global Terrorism Index 2019. College Park, MD: START.
Google Scholar
Jacques, Karen, and Paul J. Taylor. 2008. Male and Female Suicide Bombers: Different Sexes, Different Reasons? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31 (4): 304–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100801925695.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2009. Female Terrorism: A Review. Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (3): 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902984042.
Article Google Scholar
Kassem, Ramzi. 2012. Gendered Erasure in the Global ‘War on Terror’: An Unmasked Interrogation. In Gender, National Security and Counter-Terrorism, ed. Margaret L. Satterthwaite and Jayne Huckerby. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Khalid, Maryam. 2017. Gender, Orientalism and the ‘war on terror’: Representation, Discourse and Intervention in Global Politics. London: Routledge.
Book Google Scholar
Khalil, James, and Martine Zeuthen. 2016. Countering Violent Extremism and Risk Reduction: A Guide to Programme Design and Evaluation. Whitehall Report 2. London: RUSI.
Google Scholar
Kimmel, M.S. 2003. Globalization and Its Mal(e)Contents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of Terrorism. International Sociology 18 (3): 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809030183008.
Article Google Scholar
Kimmel, Michael. 2018. Healing from Hate: How Young Men Get Into—and Out Of—Violent Extremism. 1st ed. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Book Google Scholar
Kirby, Paul, and Laura J. Shepherd. 2016. Reintroducing Women, Peace and Security. International Affairs 92 (2): 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12550.
Article Google Scholar
Krook, M., and Restrepo Sanín, J. 2020. The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians. Perspectives on Politics 18 (3): 740–755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719001397.
Kundnani, A., and B. Hayes. 2018. The Globalization of Countering Violent Extremism Policies: Undermining Human Rights, Instrumentalising Civil Society. The Transnational Institute. https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/cve_web.pdf.
Kupers, Terry A. 2005. Toxic Masculinity as a Barrier to Mental Health Treatment in Prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology 61 (6): 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20105.
Article Google Scholar
Ladbury, Sarah. 2015. Women and Extremism the Association of Women and Girls with Jihadi Groups and Implications for Programming. Independent. FCO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a0897fed915d622c000245/61578_Women-Extremism-Full-Report.pdf.
Lahoud, Nelly. 2017. Can Women Be Soldiers of the Islamic State? Survival 59 (1): 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2017.1282675.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2018. Empowerment or Subjugation: An Analysis of ISIL’s Gendered Messaging. UN Women.
Google Scholar
Lindekilde, Lasse. 2012. Value for Money? Problems of Impact Assessment of Counter-Radicalisation Policies on End Target Groups: The Case of Denmark. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 18 (4): 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-012-9178-y.
Article Google Scholar
Lord, Kristin M., John A. Nagl, Seth D. Rosen, David Kilcullen, Larry Diamond, Camille Pecastaing, Harvey M. Sapolsky, and Daniel Benjamin. 2009. Strategies for Countering Violent Extremism. Center for a New American Security.
Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Megan H. 2015. Female Soldiers in Sierra Leone: Sex, Security, and Post-Conflict Development. NYU Press.
Google Scholar
Mahan, Susan G., and Pamala L. Griset. 2013. Terrorism in Perspective. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Google Scholar
Mandel, David. 2009. Radicalization: What Does It Mean? In Homegrown Terrorism: Understanding the Root Causes of Radicalisation Among Groups with an Immigrant Heritage in Europe, ed. Thomas Pick, Anne Speckhard, and Beatrice Jaunch, 101–113. Brussels: Institute of Physics Press.
Google Scholar
Margolin, Devorah. 2016. A Palestinian Woman’s Place in Terrorism: Organized Perpetrators or Individual Actors? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 39 (10): 912–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1148934.
Article Google Scholar
Matfess, Hilary. 2017. Women and the War on Boko Haram: Wives, Weapons, Witnesses. London: Zed Books.
Book Google Scholar
Mavin, Sharon. 2008. Queen Bees, Wannabees and Afraid to Bees: No More “Best Enemies” for Women in Management? British Journal of Management 19 (S1): S75–S84.
Article Google Scholar
McClelland, Mark J.L. 2011. Exporting Virtue: Neoconservatism, Democracy Promotion and the End of History. The International Journal of Human Rights 15 (4): 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2011.561984.
Article Google Scholar
McSmith, Andy. 2001. Aid May Be Linked to Women’s Rights. The Telegraph, November. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1363047/Aid-may-be-linked-to-womens-rights.html.
Mustafa, Daanish, Katherine E. Brown, and Matthew Tillotson. 2013. Antipode to Terror: Spaces of Performative Politics. Antipode 45 (5): 1110–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12014.
Article Google Scholar
Myers, Emily. 2018. Gender and Countering Violent Extremism (CVE). Alliance for Peacebuilding. Washington, DC. http://www.allianceforpeacebuilding.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Gender-and-CVE-FINAL-1.pdf.
Nagarajan, Chitra. 2018. Gender Assessment of Northeast Nigeria. https://www.academia.edu/35870632/Gender_Assessment_of_Northeast_Nigeria.
Nesiah, Vasuki. 2012. Feminism as Counter-Terrorism: The Seduction of Power. In Gender, National Security, and Counter-Terrorism: Human Rights Perspectives, ed. Margaret L. Satterthwaite and Jayne Huckerby. Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Neumann, Peter R. 2008. Introduction. In Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence—Papers from the First International Conference on Radicalisation and Political Violence, ed. P.R. Neumann, 3–7. London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence. https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Perspectives-on-Radicalisation-Political-Violence.pdf.
Google Scholar
———. 2013. The Trouble with Radicalization. International Affairs 89 (4): 873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12049.
Article Google Scholar
Ní Aoláin, Fionnuala, and Jayne Huckerby. 2018. Gendering Counterterrorism: How to, and How Not to—Part I. Just Security (blog), May 1. https://www.justsecurity.org/55522/gendering-counterterrorism-to/.
Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI). 2001. Gender Mainstreaming: Strategy for Promoting Gender Equality. See https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/factsheet1.pdf.
O’Rourke, Lindsey a. 2009. What’s Special about Female Suicide Terrorism? Security Studies 18 (4): 681–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410903369084.
Article Google Scholar
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). 2011. Women and Terrorist radicalisation. OSCE. http://polis.osce.org/library/f/4061/3772/OSCE-AUT-RPT-4061-EN-3772.
———. 2013. Women and Terrorist Radicalization: Final Report. Vienna, Austria: OSCE-ODIHR. http://www.osce.org/secretariat/99919.
Google Scholar
Parashar, Swati. 2009. Feminist International Relations and Women Militants: Case Studies from Sri Lanka and Kashmir. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22 (2): 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570902877968.
Article Google Scholar
Pearson, Elizabeth. 2016. The Case of Roshonara Choudhry: Implications for Theory on Online Radicalization, ISIS Women, and the Gendered Jihad. Policy and Internet 8 (1): 5–33.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2018a. Why Men Fight and Women Do not: Masculinity and Extremist Violence. Debunking Myths on Gender and Extremism. London: Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. http://institute.global/insight/co-existence/why-men-fight-and-women-dont-masculinity-and-extremist-violence.
Google Scholar
———. 2018b. Wilayat Shahidat: Boko Haram, the Islamic State, and the Question of the Female Suicide Bomber. In Boko Haram: Behind the Headlines, ed. Jason Warner and Jacob Zenn. CTC Sentinel.
Google Scholar
———. 2021. Inside UK Extremism: Making Radical Men (Working Title). London: Hurst.
Google Scholar
Pearson, Elizabeth, and Emily Winterbotham. 2017. Women, Gender and Daesh Radicalisation. The RUSI Journal 0 (0): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/030.71847.2017.1353251.
Article Google Scholar
Penny, Laurie. 2014. Laurie Penny on Elliot Rodger: Mental illness does not excuse violent misogyny. New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/05/mental-illness-does-not-excuse-violent-misogyny.
Perešin, Anita. 2015. Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS. Perspectives on Terrorism 9 (3) http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/427.
Peterson, V. Spike, and Anne Sisson Runyan. 1993. Global Gender Issues. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Google Scholar
Post, Jerrold M. 2005. When Hatred Is Bred in the Bone: Psycho-Cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism. Political Psychology 26 (4): 615–636.
Article Google Scholar
Puar, Jasbir K., and Amit S. Rai. 2002. Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots. Social Text 20 (3): 117–148. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-20-3_72-117.
Article Google Scholar
Puechguirbal, Nadine. 2010. Discourses on Gender, Patriarchy and Resolution 1325: A Textual Analysis of UN Documents. International Peacekeeping 17 (2): 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533311003625068.
Article Google Scholar
Rashid, Naas. 2014. Giving the Silent Majority a Stronger Voice? Initiatives to Empower Muslim Women as Part of the UK’s “War on Terror”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 37 (4): 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.816759.
Article Google Scholar
Regan, Patrick M., and Aida Paskeviciute. 2003. Women’s Access to Politics and Peaceful States. Journal of Peace Research 40 (3): 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343303040003003.
Article Google Scholar
Romaniuk, Peter. 2015. Does CVE Work? Lessons Learned from the Global Effort to Counter Violent Extremism. Global Center on Cooperative Security. https://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Does-CVE-Work_2015.pdf.
Google Scholar
Rosand, Eric, Emily Winterbotham, Michael Jones, and Franziska Praxl-Tabuchi. 2018. The State of the Global P/CVE Agenda. The Prevention Project and RUSI.
Google Scholar
Runyan, A., and V. Spike Peterson. 2013. Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Google Scholar
RUSI. 2017. Strive Lessons Learned: Horn of Africa—Strengthening Resilience to Violence and Extremism, Final Research Report. London: European Commission. http://ct-morse.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Strive-Lessons-Learned-Report-Final-Version.pdf.
Google Scholar
———. 2021. Draft Meeting Summary Notes, Enhancing Global-Local Cooperation in Multi-Disciplinary PVE/CVE Efforts, September 24–25, 2018, New York. The Prevention Project, the Global Centre for Cooperative Security and RUSI.
Google Scholar
Sabir, R. 2017. Blurred Lines and False Dichotomies: Integrating Counterinsurgency into the UK’s Domestic ‘war on terror’. Critical Social Policy 37 (2): 202–224.
Google Scholar
Saeedi, Nika, and Rosalie Fransen. 2018. Violent Extremism Reopens the Conversation about Women and Peace. UNDP (blog), March 29. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2018/violent-extremism-reopens-the-conversation-about-women-and-peace.html.
Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Book Google Scholar
———. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Book Google Scholar
Saltman, Erin Marie, and Melanie Smith. 2015. “Till Martyrdom Do Us Part” Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. http://www.strategicdialogue.org/publications/.
Satria, Fitriani, and Alif Satria. 2018. The Women Who Seek Meaning in Terrorism. The Jakarta Post, May. https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/05/17/the-women-who-seek-meaning-in-terrorism.html.
Schweitzer, Yoram, Aviad Mendelboim, and Yotam Rosner. 2017. Suicide Attacks in 2016: The Highest Number of Fatalities. INSS.
Google Scholar
Shepherd, Laura J. 2006. Veiled References: Constructions of Gender in the Bush Administration Discourse on the Attacks on Afghanistan Post-9/11. International Feminist Journal of Politics 8 (1): 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740500415425.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2008. Power and Authority in the Production of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. International Studies Quarterly 52 (2): 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00506.x.
Article Google Scholar
Sikkens, Elga, Marion van San, Stijn Sieckelinck, and Micha de Winter. 2017. Parental Influence on Radicalization and De-Radicalization According to the Lived Experiences of Former Extremists and Their Families. Journal for Deradicalization 12 (2017): 192–226.
Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Laura. 2013. Gendering Global Conflict: Toward a Feminist Theory of War. New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
———. 2015. Seeing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in International Security. International Journal 70 (3): 434–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702015584590.
Article Google Scholar
Steans, Jill. 2008. Telling Stories about Women and Gender in the War on Terror. Global Society 22 (1): 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600820701740795.
Article Google Scholar
Striegher, Jason-Leigh. 2015. Violent-Extremism: An Examination of a Definitional Dilemma. Australian Security and Intelligence Conference. https://doi.org/10.4225/75/57a945ddd3352.
True. 2018. Building an Evidence Base on Empowering Women for Peaceful Communities. Research Note. Monash Gender, Peace and Security Oxfam Bangladesh in Bangladesh and Gadjah Mada University (UGM) in Indonesia Centre: UN Women.
Google Scholar
UN News. 2016. UN Chief Introduces New Action Plan to Prevent Violent Extremism. UN News, January 15. https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/01/520032-un-chief-introduces-new-action-plan-prevent-violent-extremism.
UN Web TV. 2014. The Role of Women in Countering Violent Extremism—Panel Discussion. http://webtv.un.org/watch/the-role-of-women-in-countering-violent-extremism-panel-discussion/3862565549001.
UN Women. 2001. OSAGI Gender Mainstreaming—Concepts and Definitions. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/conceptsandefinitions.htm.
UNCTED. 2005. Frequently Asked Questions about UN Efforts to Combat Terrorism. United Nations.
Google Scholar
UNDP. 2016. Preventing Violent Extremism Through Inclusive Development and the Promotion of Tolerance and Respect for Diversity. UNDP. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/conflict-prevention/discussion-paper%2D%2D-preventing-violent-extremism-through-inclusiv.html.
Google Scholar
———. 2017. Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment. New York: United Nations Development Programme. https://journey-to-extremism.undp.org/content/downloads/UNDP-JourneyToExtremism-report-2017-english.pdf.
Google Scholar
———. 2018. Improving the Impact of Preventing Violent Extremism Programming. Oslo: United Nations Development Programme. http://www.arabstates.undp.org/content/rbas/en/home/library/Dem_Gov/improving-the-impact-of-preventing-violent-extremism-programming.html.
Google Scholar
United Nations. 2000. Resolution 1325 (2000). United Nations Security Council. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/674.
———. 2015. UNSCR 2242. S/RES/2242 (2015). http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2242.
———. 2016. Ar/RES/70/291. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy Review. New York. https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/ares70291.
United Nations Security Resolution. n.d. UNSCR 2396, S/RES/2396, 21 December 2017, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/sres23962017.
USAID. 2011. The Development Response to Violent Extremism and Insurgency Policy. Policy Report. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1870/VEI_Policy_Final.pdf.
USIP. n.d. What Is U.N. Security Council Resolution 1325 and Why Is It so Critical Today? United States Institute of Peace. Accessed November 9, 2014. http://www.usip.org/gender_peacebuilding/about_UNSCR_1325.
Vidino, Lorenzo. 2011. Radicalization, Linkage, and Diversity: Current Trends in Terrorism in Europe. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Google Scholar
Warner, Jason, and Hilary Matfess. 2017. Exploding Stereotypes: The Unexpected Operational and Demographic Characteristics of Boko Haram’s Suicide Bombers. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. CTC. https://ctc.usma.edu/posts/report-exploding-stereotypes-the-unexpected-operational-and-demographic-characteristics-of-boko-harams-suicide-bombers.
Winterbotham, Emily. 2018. Do Mothers Know Best? How Assumptions Harm CVE. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. http://institute.global/insight/co-existence/do-mothers-know-best-how-assumptions-harm-cve.
———. 2020. What Can Work (and What Has Not Worked) in Women-Centric P/CVE Initiatives: Assessing the Evidence Base for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism, RUSI Occasional Papers, The Prevention Project, Tackling Extremism, Terrorism and Conflict, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding. https://rusi.org/publication/occasional-papers/what-can-work-and-what-has-not-worked-women-centric-pcve-initiatives.
Winterbotham, Emily, and Elizabeth Pearson. 2016. Different Cities, Shared Stories: A Five-Country Study Challenging Assumptions Around Muslim Women and CVE Interventions. RUSI Journal 161 (5). https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2016.1253377.
Yuval-Davis, Nira. 1996. Women and the Biological Reproduction of “The Nation”. Women’s Studies International Forum 19 (1/2): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(95)00075-5.
Article Google Scholar
Zimmerman, D., and C. West. 2016. Doing Gender. In The Gendered Society Reader, ed. Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson, 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/ushe/product/the-gendered-society-reader-9780190260378?cc=us&lang=en.
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law and Criminology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Elizabeth Pearson
The Royal United Services Institute, London, UK
Emily Winterbotham
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Katherine E. Brown

Authors

Elizabeth Pearson
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Emily Winterbotham
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Katherine E. Brown
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pearson, E., Winterbotham, E., Brown, K.E. (2020). Gender, Violent Extremism and Countering It. In: Countering Violent Extremism. Rethinking Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21962-8_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21962-8_2
Published: 16 February 2021
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21961-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21962-8
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics