Introduction: Roles Experienced by the Translation Movement

Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21703-7_1

Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul²

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Abstract

A prominent phenomenon in Islamic civilisation is Islam’s profound absorption of Arab culture and the heritage of other nations, particularly bordering nations. As Islam spread and its polity expanded to integrate with other civilisations, Muslims were motivated to translate the ancient sciences in their search for understanding and advancement. Islamic teachings motivated the Muslims to contribute to human progress and to acculturate the positive achievements of other civilisations. A Qur’ānic verse reads:

O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwā [i.e., one of the Muttaqūn (pious – see V.2:2)]. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware. Q. 49:13

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Notes

1.
Travis Zadeh (2011). Mapping frontiers across medieval Islam: geography, translation, and the ‘Abbāsid Empire London: I.B. Tauris, p. 24.
2.
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3.
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4.
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5.
Toorawa Shawkat M. (2010). Ibn Abī Ṭāhir Ṭayfūr and Arabic Writerly Culture: A Ninth-Century Bookman in Baghdad, p. 14; Nājī Ma‘rūf (1975). Aṣālat al-Ḥaḍārah al-‘Arabiyya Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfah, pp. 437–438; Zaydān, Jurjī (2013). Ṭārīkh Ādāb al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyya, pp. 396–397.
6.
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7.
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8.
Ibid., pp. 180–187.
9.
al-Qafṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn, Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī (d. 646/1248). Akhbār al-‘Ulamā’ bi Akhbār al-Ḥukamā’ Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 2005, pp. 237–238.
10.
Ibid.; Shawqī Ḍayf (1986). Aṣr al-‘Abbāsī al-Awal Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, pp. 112–114.
11.
Ibn Abī Uṣaybi‘a, Aḥmad ibn Qāsim (d. 668/1270). ‘Uyūn al-Anbā’ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭṭibā’, p. 259; Ibn al-Nadīm, Abū al-Faraj Muḥammed ibn Isḥāq (d. 380/990). al-Fihrist, ed. Yūsuf‘Alī al-Ṭawīl Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2010, p. 269.
12.
Ibn Abī Uṣaybi‘a, Aḥmad ibn Qāsim (d. 668/1270). ‘Uyūn al-Anbā’ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭṭibā’, p. 259; ‘Umar Farūkh (1981). Tārīkh al-Adab al-‘Arabī Beirut: Dār al-‘Ilm lil-Malāyīn, vol. 1: 334; Travis Zadeh (2011). Mapping frontiers across medieval Islam: geography, translation, and the ‘Abbāsid Empire, pp. 35–36.
13.
Ibn Abī Uṣaybi‘a, Aḥmad ibn Qāsim (d. 668/1270). ‘Uyūn al-Anbā’ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭṭibā’, p. 259.
14.
Crowther James Gerald (1999). Short History of Science/Qiṣṣat al-‘Ilm tr. Yumnā Ṭarīf al-Khūlī and Badawī ‘Abd al-Fattāḥ Cairo: al-Hay’ah al-Maṣriyya al-Āmah lil-Kitāb, p. 57.
15.
Roger Garaudy (1981). Wu‘ūd al-Islam tr. Dhawqān Qarqūṭ Beirut: al-Dār al-Sāqī, pp. 17–19.
16.
Nadā Ṭāhā (1980). al-Adab al-Muqāran Alexandria: Dār al-Ma‘rifah, p. 35.
17.
Ibid., p. 73.
18.
Ibid., pp. 75–78.
19.
Badī‘ Muḥammad Jum‘ah (1980). Dirāsāt fī al-Adab al-Muqāran Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah al-‘Arabiyya, p. 74.
20.
Nadā Ṭāhā (1980). al-Adab al-Muqāran, pp. 40–42.
21.
Ibid., p. 45.
22.
Urnik Zīb al-A‘ẓamī (2005). Ḥarakat al-Tarjamah fī al-‘Aṣr al-‘Abbāsī Beirut: Dār al-Ḥarf al-‘Arabī, pp. 23–24.
23.
Ibn al-‘Abrī, Gregorias al-Malṭī (d. 685/1286). Mukhtaṣr Tārīkh al-Duwal Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq, 2001, p. 218.
24.
Sahwqī Ḍayf (1996). al-‘Aṣr al-‘Abbāsī al-Awal Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif, p. 113.
25.
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26.
Ibid.
27.
The official scribes nevertheless avoid using [the Indian system] because it requires equipment [like a dust board] and they consider that a system that requires nothing but the members of the body [i.e., their own body parts] is more secure and more fitting to the dignity of a leader.
28.
Qadrī Ḥāfiẓ Ṭūqān (1980). Turāth al-‘Arab al-‘Ilmī fi al-Riyāḍiyāt wal-Falak Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, pp. 44–48.
29.
Yumnā Ṭarīf Khūlī (2000). Falsafat al-‘Ilm fī al-Qirn al-‘Ashrīn, p. 43.
30.
Ibid., p. 347.
31.
Ibid., p. 363.
32.
Ibn Khallikān, Abū al-‘Abbās Shams al-Dīin (d. 680/1282). Wafiyyāt al-A’yān wa Anbā’ Abnā’ al-Zamān Ed. Iḥsān ‘Abbās, Beirut: Dār Sadir, 1977, vol. 2, p. 243; Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Abū ‘Abdullah Shihāb al-Dīn (d. 626/1229). Mu‘jam al-Udabā’: Irshād al-Arīb ’ilā Ma‘rifat al-Adīb, ed. Iḥsān ‘Abbās Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993, vol. 7, p. 272.
33.
Ibn Abī Uṣaybi‘a, Aḥmad ibn Qāsim (d. 668/1270). ‘Uyūn al-Anbā’ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭṭibā’, ed. Muhammad Basil ‘Uyun al-Sud Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, pp. 436–439; Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Abū īAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn‘Uthmān (d. 748/1348). Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalāʾ, ed. Shuīayb al-Arnāʾūṭ and Ḥusayn al-Asad. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1985, vol. 9, p. 89.
34.
Ibn al-Nadīm, Abū al-Faraj Muḥammed ibn Isḥāq (d. 380/990). al-Fihrist, ed. Yūsuf‘Alī al-Ṭawīl Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2010, p. 400.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Ibid., p. 400; al-Zirkilī, Khayr al-Dīn (2002). al-A‘lām, Beirut: Dār al-‘Ilm lil-Malāyīn, vol. 2, p. 87; Nimir ‘Abd al-Mun‘im (1991). Tārīkh al-Islām fī al-Hind Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Miṣriyya al-‘Āmma, pp. 65–70; Ibn Taghrī Bardī, Abūū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf (d. 874/1469). Al-Nijūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Maṣr wal-Qāhirah Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, 1929, vol. 2: 87.
37.
Yumnā Ṭarīf Khūlī (2000). Falsafat al-‘Ilm fī al-Qirn al-‘Ashrīn, p. 40; Honke, Zagrid (1981). Allahs sonne uber dem abendland unser Arabisches erbe, translated into Arabic by Fārūq Bayḍūn and Kamāl Dasūqī, Shams al-‘Arab Tasṭa‘ ‘alā al-Gharb: Athar al-Ḥaḍārah al-‘Arabiyyah fī Urūbā, Beirut: Dār al-Afāq, pp. 228–229; Fuat Sezgin (1984). Muḥāḍarāt fī Tārīkh al-‘Ulūm al-‘Arabiyya wal-Islāmiyya Frankfurt: Ma‘had Tārīkh al-‘Ulūm al-‘Arabiyya wal-Islāmiyya, pp. 120–123.
38.
Ibid.
39.
Montgomery William Watt (1972). The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 1.
40.
Ibid., pp. 29–30.
41.
Ibid., p. 30
42.
Charles Burnett. “Ḥarkat al-Tarjamah min al-‘Arabiyy fī al-Qurūn al-Wusṭā fī Isbānyā”, in Salmā al-Jayūsī (1999). al-Ḥaḍārah al-‘Arabiyya al-Islāmiyya fī al-Andalus Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Wiḥdah al-‘Arabiyya, vol. 2: 1461; 1478–1479.
43.
Philip Khūrī Hitti (1970). History of the Arabs from the earliest times to the present Macmillan: St Martin’s Press, p. 177.
44.
Ibid., p. 159.
45.
This refers to the beginning of and the early Islamic rule in Andalusia.
46.
Charles Burnett. “Ḥarkat al-Tarjamah min al-‘Arabiyy fī al-Qurūn al-Wusṭā fī Isbānyā”, in Salmā al-Jayūsī (1999). al-Ḥaḍārah al-‘Arabiyya al-Islāmiyya fī al-Andalus Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Wiḥdah al-‘Arabiyya, vol. 2: 1450, p. 1461.
47.
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48.
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49.
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50.
Aḥmad ‘Alī al-Mulā (1996). Athar al-‘Ulamā’ al-Muslimīn fī a-Ḥaḍārah al-Urūbiyya, Beirut: Dār al-Fikir, pp. 120–124.
51.
Georges Sarton (1931). Introduction to the History of Science Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company, vol. I, p. 339.
52.
Gordon D. Newby (1997). “The Foundation of the University of Naples: Typological Parallels with Arab Institutions of Higher Learning,” Medieval Encounters, 3,2, pp. 173–184.
53.
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54.
Ibid., vol. 2: 1459.
55.
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56.
‘Abdullah al-‘Umarī (1990). Tārīkh al-‘Ilm ‘and al-‘Arab, p. 92; ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Mājid (1986). Tārīkh al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Uṣūr al-Wusṭā Cairo: Maktabt al-Anjlū al-Maṣriyya, pp. 281–283.
57.
Ibn Abī Uṣaybi‘a, Aḥmad ibn Qāsim (d. 668/1270). ‘Uyūn al-Anbā’ fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭṭibā’, pp. 315–316.
58.
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59.
Arnold, Thomas Walker, Sir, (1864–1930). The Legacy of Islam/Turāth al-Islām, tr. Jirjis Fatḥallah Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalī‘ah, 1978, pp. 465–466.
60.
Ibid., p. 472.
61.
Fuat Sezgin (1984). Muḥāḍarāt fī Tārīkh al-‘Ulūm al-‘Arabiyya wal-Islāmiyya, pp. 120–125; Arshīd Yūsuf (2005). al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmiyya: Nuẓum ‘Ulūm Funūn, pp. 468–469.
62.
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63.
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64.
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65.
Aziz S. Atiya (1962). Crusade, Commerce and Culture Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 223; Ṭāha Bāqir (1980). Mūjaz fī Tārīīkh al-‘Ulūm wal-Ma‘ārif fī al-Ḥaḍārāt al-Qadīīmah wal-Ḥaḍārah al-‘Arabiyya al-Islāmiyya Baghdad: Maṭba‘at Jāmi‘at Baghdad, pp. 278–283; Charles Burnett. “Ḥarkat al-Tarjamah min al-‘Arabiyy fī al-Qurū̄n al-Wusṭā fī Isbānyā”, in Salmā al-Jayūsī (1999). al-Ḥaḍārah al-‘Arabiyya al-Islāmiyya fī al-Andalus Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Wiḥdah al-‘Arabiyya, vol. 2: 1444–1445; Qanawātī, George “al-Khīmyā’ al-‘Arabiyya”, in Rushdī Rāshid (2005). Mawsū‘at Tārīkh al-‘Ulūm al-‘Arabiyya Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Wiḥda al-‘Arabiyya, vol. III.: 1103–1104, p. 1134, p. 1159.
66.
Arnold, Thomas Walker, Sir, (1864–1930). The Legacy of Islam/Turāth al-Islām, pp. 508–510.
67.
‘Abdullah al-‘Umarī (1990). Tārīkh al-‘Ilm ‘and al-‘Arab, pp. 256–258; Arshīd Yūsuf (2005). al-Ḥaḍḍārah al-Islāmiyya: Nuẓum ‘Ulūm Funūn, pp. 449–450; Abd al-Mun‘im Mājid (1986). Tārīkh al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Uṣūr al-Wusṭā, pp. 280–281.
68.
‘Abdullah al-‘Umarī (1990). Tārīkh al-‘Ilm ‘and al-‘Arab, pp. 259–260; Abd al-Mun‘im Mājid (1986). Tārīkh al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmiyya fī al-‘Uṣūr al-Wusṭā, pp. 282–283.
69.
Fuat Sezgin (1984). Muḥāḍarāt fī Tārīkh al-‘Ulūm al-‘Arabiyya wal-Islāmiyya, pp. 115–116; al-Mīdānī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ḥabnakah (1980). Usus al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāāmiyya wa Wasā’ilihā, pp. 655–656; Ibrāhīm Madkūr, alt. (1970). Athar al-‘Arab wal-Islām fī al-Nahḍah al-Urūbiyya Cairo: al-Hay’aal-Maṣriyya al-‘Āmma lil-Kitāb, pp. 141–1.
70.
‘Aqād, ‘Abbās Maḥmūd (2002). Athar al-‘Arab fī al-Ḥaḍārah al-Urūbiyyah Cairo: Dār al-Nahḍah, p. 106.
71.
Ḥassan Ḥanafī, Ṣādiq Jalāl al-‘Aẓm (1999). Mā al-‘Awlamah? Damascus: Dār al-Fikir, pp. 15–16.
72.
Ibid., pp. 18–22, and pp. 35–37.
73.
The Qur’ānic verse reads:

O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwā [i.e. one of the Muttaqūn (pious – see V.2:2)]. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware. Q. 49:13.
74.
Sédillot, Louis-Amélie (1808–1975). Khulāṣat Tārīkh al-‘Arab ed. Muḥamad Aímad ‘Abd al-Razāq Beirut: Dār al-Āthār, 1980, pp. 268–269.
75.
Muḥammad Shawqī Jalāl (2000). Taqrīr al-Masḥ al-Mīdānī li-Waḍ‘ al-Tarjamah al-Rāhinfī al-Waṭan al-‘Arabī Beirut: Markiz Dirāsāt al-Wiḥdah al-‘Arabiyya, p. 74.
76.
Ibid.
77.
Bakār ‘Abd al-Karīm (2000). al-‘Awlamah: abī‘atuhā, was’ilahā, taḥadiyātuhā, wal-ta‘āmul ma‘ahā Amman: Dār al-A‘lām, p. 11.
78.
Ibid.
79.
al-Ibrāhīmī Muḥammad al-Bashīr (1978). Āthār al-Shaiekh Muḥammad al-Bashīr al-Ibrāhīmī Alger: al-Sharkah al-Waṭaniyya lil-Nashir, vol. 1, p. 261.

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Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul

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Bsoul, L.A. (2019). Introduction: Roles Experienced by the Translation Movement. In: Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21703-7_1

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