Abstract
There are some theoretical legal bases that could enable expert bodies to strengthen their input in IEL and promote science-based lawmaking without any constitutional or procedural amendment. For example, within the framework of intergovernmental organizations, the “implied powers” of an organization could possibly serve as an additional basis for an expert body to establish lawmaking competences, if it does not hold any such competence based on explicit provisions. Respectively, the repetitive phrase in multilateral agreements that the treaty-based bodies could take an “action required to achieve the purpose of the agreement”, even if such action is not explicitly described in the provisions of the agreement, could serve as an additional basis for expert bodies to issue new rules that would implement the agreement.
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Notes
- 1.
Compare arts. 31 and 32 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
- 2.
See Certain Expenses of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1962 ICJ 151, at 185 (July 20); JOSE E. ALVAREZ, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS LAW-MAKERS, OXFORD MONOGRAPHS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 344 (OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2005), pp. 95–100.
- 3.
Case 8/55, Fedechar, ECR 1954-6, at 299, quoted in HENRY G. SCHERMERS & NIELS M. BLOKKER, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL LAW 179 (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003).
- 4.
For ICJ cases expressly citing to the principle of effectiveness, see Blaine Sloan, The United Nations Charter as a Constitution, 1 PACE Y.B. INT’L L. 61, 113–114 (1989); G. G. Firzmaurice, The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice: Treaty Interpretation and Certain Other Treaty Points, 28 BRIT. Y.B. INT’L L. 1, 18–20 (1957).
- 5.
Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, Mar. 21, 1986, 25 I.L.M. 543. The Convention has not entered into force yet.
- 6.
ILC Report, at 351, available at 2 YEARBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION 219 (1996).
- 7.
ICJ Reports (1949), at 198.
- 8.
Competence of the General Assembly for the Admission of a State to the UN, (Competence case), 1950 ICJ Rep. 4 (KRYLOW, J., dissenting).
- 9.
Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports, 11 Apr. 1949, 174, at 180.
- 10.
About the Reparations Case, see RAHMATULLAH KHAN, IMPLIED POWERS OF THE U.N. 41 (Vikas, New Delhi 1970).
- 11.
See IAN BROWNLIE, PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 657 (Oxford, U.K. & New York: Oxford University Press, 6th ed. 2003).
- 12.
See also the International Status of South West Africa case, ICJ Reports (1950), 128 at 136–138; The Voting Procedures on Questions Relating to Reports and Petitions Concerning the Territory of South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion, 1955 ICJ 67 (June 7), at 67; and South West Africa cases (Prelim. Objections): South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Second Phase, Judgment [1966] ICJ Rep. 51 (1962), 319 at 328–329, 331 ff., citation referred by IAN BROWNLIE, PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 657 (Oxford, U.K. & New York: Oxford University Press, 6th ed. 2003), at 657.
- 13.
Judge Hackworth, dissenting, Reparation case, at 198.
- 14.
JOSE E. ALVAREZ, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS LAW-MAKERS, OXFORD MONOGRAPHS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 344 (OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2005), p. 93.
- 15.
Dusko Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Oct. 2, 1995, [hereinafter Dusko Tadic case], at para. 19.
- 16.
Decision II/2.
- 17.
See art. 18 (m).
- 18.
See art. 7 (l).
- 19.
See Robert Schütze, Organized Change Towards an ―Ever Closer Union‖: Article 308 EC and the Limits to the Community’s Legislative Competence, 22 Y.B. EUR. L. 79–115, (2003); P. Ferraiuolo, Le Pouvoir normative de la Communauté Européenne en Vertu de l’ article 235: Possibilités et Limites (1999); M. Bungenberg, Artikel 235 nach Maastricht-Die Auswirkungen der Einheitlichen Europäischen Akte und des Vertrages über die Europäische Union auf die Handlungsbefugnis des Art. 235 EGV (1999). Article 235, along with article 236 of the EEC Treaty, included the implied powers doctrine that was aiming to ensure a continuous process of constitutional adaptation. Later, Art. 308 became one of the most frequent legal bases in the Community’s system of competences. Since 1958 more than eight hundred (800) regulatory acts have been issued based on this article. Among them the vast majority was regarding environmental policy cases, even during an era when the environmental protection had not yet been one of the Community’s objectives. For the use of Article 235 for environmental protection despite the existence of any provision in the EEC Treaty, see, e.g., J.A. Usher, The Gradual Widening of European Community Policy on the Basis of Articles 100 and 235 of the EEC Treaty, in STRUCTURE AND DIMENSIONS OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY POLICY 25–36 (J. Schwarze & H.G. Schermers eds., 1988).
- 20.
JOSE E. ALVAREZ, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS LAW-MAKERS, OXFORD MONOGRAPHS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 344 (OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2005), pp. 94–95.
- 21.
Article 7 paragraph l of the WMO Convention.
- 22.
See, e.g., such as the Meeting of the Parties under the Montreal Protocol in art. 11 para. 4 (j).
- 23.
See ASTON, JURIJ DANIEL ASTON, SEKUNDÄRGESETZGEBUNG INTERNATIONALER ORGANISATIONEN ZWISCHEN MITGLIEDSTAATLICHER SOUVERÄNITÄT UND GEMEINSCHAFTSDISZIPLIN (Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005).
- 24.
See the official website of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, available at: http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/en/ (last accessed January 2019).
- 25.
Cf. the case concerning the Rights of nationals of the United States of America in Morocco ICJ, Reports 1952, p. 189.
- 26.
Cf. ICJ, Reports 1975, p. 38.
- 27.
See, ICJ, Reports 1978, p. 33 et seq.
- 28.
Cf. ICJ Reports 1962, p. 330 et seq.
- 29.
Reports 1971, p. 31.
- 30.
Cf. ICJ, Reports 1978, p. 33 et seq.
- 31.
For a comprehensive reference on the application of cases of intertemporal law, see CARLOS FERNANDEZ DE CASADEVANTE Y ROMANI, SOVEREIGNTY AND INTERPRETATION OF INTERNATIONAL NORMS 72 (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2007), at 153.
- 32.
Cf. the similar concepts of usages, customary law, and general principles in the internal practice of international institutions to which ALEXANDROWICZ refers, CHARLES H. ALEXANDROWICZ, THE LAWMAKING FUNCTIONS OF THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (1973), at 11.
- 33.
P. Craig, Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and the European Union, 7 ELJ, 125, 125 (2001).
- 34.
Sarah Lamdan, Environmental information: research, access & environmental decisionmaking (Environmental Law Institute, Washington, D.C. 2017).
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Avgerinopoulou, DT. (2019). Additional Theoretical Legal Bases for the Integration of Science in International Environmental Law Without Any Constitutional or Procedural Amendment. In: Science-Based Lawmaking . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21417-3_8
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