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Sphingolipids as Biomarkers of Disease

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB, volume 1159)

Abstract

Despite the advancements in modern medicine, there are still difficulties in diagnosing common illnesses. The invasiveness and price of the tests used to follow up certain diseases can be a barrier to proper patient follow-up. Sphingolipids are a diverse category of lipids. They are structural molecules in cell membranes and signaling molecules involved in the regulation of crucial cell functions, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Recent research has shown that abnormal sphingolipid metabolism is associated with genetic and metabolic disease processes. Given their crucial role to maintain homeostasis within the body, sphingolipids have been investigated as potential biomarkers to predict disease in the population. Here we discuss how sphingolipids levels are altered in different diseases, thus illustrating their possible use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for disease.

Keywords

Sphingolipids Biomarkers Lipidomics Ceramide Sphingosine Sphingomyelin 

Abbreviations

ABCA1

ATP binding cassette family A protein 1

ACS

acute coronary syndrome

AD

Alzheimer disease

ASMase

sphingomyelinase

BMI

body mass index

BNP

B-type natriuretic peptide

C1P

ceramide 1-phosphate

CAD

coronary artery disease

CKD

chronic kidney disease

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

DAG

diacylglycerols

DHC

dihydroceramides

DHSM

dihydrosphingomyelin

FA

fluorescent angioscopy

FFA

free fatty acids

Gb3

globotriaosylceramide

HbA1c

hemoglobin A1c

HCC

hepatocellular carcinoma

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

HF

heart failure

HOMA-IR

homeostatic model assessment for assessing β-cell function and insulin resistance from fasting glucose and insulin concentrations

HSAN1

hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1

HxCer

hexosylceramide

IDL

intermediate-density lipoprotein

IMT

intima media thickness

LacCer

lactosylceramide

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

LVEF

left ventricular ejection fraction

LysoGb3

globotriaosylsphingosine

MACE

major adverse cardiovascular event

MCI

Mild Cognitive Impairment

MELD

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

MI

myocardial infarction

MMSE

Mini-Mental State examination

NT-proBNP

N-terminal-prohormone BNP

NYHA

New York Heart Association

PTSD

post-traumatic stress disorder

S1P

sphingosine 1-phosphate

SA1Ps

sphinganine 1-phosphate

SLE

systemic lupus erythematous

SM

Sphingomyelin

SPT

serine palmitoyltransferase

TG

triglycerides

TNF-α

tumor necrosis factor-α

TNM

TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors

VAD

ventricular assist device

VLDL

very low-density lipoprotein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUSA
  2. 2.Department of Vascular Biology and HypertensionUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamUSA

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