Skip to main content

Healing Noose Scars: Cultural Empathy and Corrective Emotional Experiences

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Black Men, Intergenerational Colonialism, and Behavioral Health

Abstract

Healing Noose Scars is grounded in resiliency theory, ecological restructuring, mindfulness, collectivistic principles and Afrocentric psychological paradigms (Collective Coping, Racism Trauma) and tools (Africultural Coping Systems Inventory, Racism-Related Coping Scale). Strategies that will enhance Black male relationships across the diaspora to promote a more cohesive and connected view of the Black male experience as it develops inside of the Euronormative narrative are discussed. Recommendations are made on teacher training, socio-emotional learning development, anti-bias curriculum implementation, faith-based interventions, historically Black colleges and universities (HBCU) support, recruitment and retention of Black male educators and the addition of culturally empathic services at predominantly White institutions (PWIs).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 27.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, M. (2009). National Baptist Convention. Black Past. Retrieved from https://www.Blackpast.org/african-american-history/national-baptist-convention-usa-inc-1895/

  • Barnes, M. (2016). Black Suicide Matters: Facts You Should Know. Rolling Out. Retrieved from https://rollingout.com/2016/06/05/Black-suicide-matters-facts-you-should-know/

  • Bell National Resource Center on the African American Male. Retrieved from https://odi.osu.edu/bell-national-resource-center/

  • Bostock, J. (2011). Why Wait Until Qualified: The Benefits and Experiences of Undergoing Mental Health Awareness Training for PGCE Students. Pastoral Care in Education, 29(2), 103–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cappella, E., Hamre, B. K., Kim, H. Y., Henry, D. B., Frazier, S. L., Atkins, M. S., et al. (2012). Teacher Consultation and Coaching Within Mental Health Practice: Classroom and Child Effects in Urban Elementary Schools. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 597–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carnevale, A. P., & Strohl, J. (2013). Separate and Unequal; How Higher Education Reinforces the Intergenerational Reproduction of White Racial Privilege. Georgetown University. Retrieved from https://cew.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/SeparateUnequal.FR_.pdf

  • Carnevale, A. P., & Van der Werf, M. (2017). The 20% Solution; Selective Colleges Can Afford to Admit More Pell Grant Recipients. Georgetown University. Retrieved from https://1gyhoq479ufd3yna29x7ubjn-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/The-20-Percent-Solution-web.pdf

  • Carter, R. T., Mazzula, S., Victoria, R., Vazquez, R., Hall, S., Smith, S., et al. (2013). Initial Development of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale: Assessing the Emotional Impact of Racism. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(1), 1–9. Retrieved form https://doi-org.lib.pepperdine.edu/10.1037/a0025911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, R. T., Muchow, C., & Pieterse, A. L. (2018). Construct, Predictive Validity, and Measurement Equivalence of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale for Black Americans. Traumatology, 24(1), 8–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, W. (2013). View Points: Teacher Credentialing Should Include Mental Health Training. Sacramento Bee. Retrieved from http://www.sacbee.com/2013/07/31/5610226/teacher-credentialing-should-include.html

  • Collier, L. (2016). Growth After Trauma. Monitor on Psychology, 47(10), 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners-Burrow, N., McKelvey, L., Sockwell, L., Harman Ehrentraut, J., Adams, S., & Whiteside‐Mansell, L. (2013). Beginning to “Unpack” the Infant Mental Health Consultation: Types of Consultation Services and Their Impact on Teachers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34(4), 280–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, M. G., & Sue, D. W. (2007). Perceptions of Racial Microaggressions Among Black Supervisees in Cross-Racial Dyads. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(2), 142–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearden, R. F. (1968). The Philosophy of Primary Education (RLE Edu K). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Democracy Now. (2016). TV Legend Norman Lear on Black Panthers, Nixon’s Enemies List and What Gives Him Hope. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSwbnoCo8UQ

  • Derman-Sparks, L., Keenan, D., & Nimmo, J. (2015). Leading Anti-Bias Early Childhood Programs: A Guide for Change. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreher, A. (2017). ‘Big, Black or Boy’ Preschoolers Face Higher Expulsions and Suspensions. Retrieved from http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2017/mar/23/big-Black-or-boy-preschoolers-face-higher-expulsio/

  • Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, J. M., & Carter, R. T. (2014). Development and Preliminary Validation of the Racism-Related Coping Scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(6), 632–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershenson, S., Hart, C., Lindsay, C., & Papageorge, N. (2017). The Long-Run Impacts of Same-Race Teachers. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp10630.pdf

  • Gilliam, W., Maupin, A., Reyes, C., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016). Do Early Educators’ Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Pre-school Expulsions and Suspensions? New Haven, CT: Yale University Child Study Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, Jr., D. E. (2013). Reversing the Black Male College Drop-Out Crisis. Ebony Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.ebony.com/news/reversing-the-Black-male-college-drop-out-crisis-756/#axzz2gbVKGtUE

  • Gross, N., & Lo, C. (2018). Relational Teaching and Learning After Loss: Evidence from Black Adolescent Male Students and Their Teachers. School Psychology Quarterly, 33(3), 381–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogue, A., Dauber, S., Samuolis, J., & Liddle, H. A. (2006). Treatment Techniques and Outcomes in Multidimensional Family Therapy for Adolescent Behavior Problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 535–543.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • IMDb. Retrieved June 2019, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1825683/.

  • Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP). Retrieved from http://www.ihep.org/about-ihep

  • King, R. (2016). Mindful of Race; Transforming Race from the Inside Out. Boulder, CO: Soundstrue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, L., Gone, J., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking Historical Trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 299–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meeus, W. (2018). The Identity Status Continuum Revisited: A Comparison of Longitudinal Findings with Marcia’s Model and Dual Cycle Models. European Psychologist, 23(4), 289–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Migdal, L., & MacDonald, D. A. (2013). Clarifying the Relation Between Spirituality and Well-Being. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 201(4), 274–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Lewis, L., Searle, A. K., Sawyer, M. G., Baghurst, P. A., & Hedley, D. (2013). Resource Factors for Mental Health Resilience in Early Childhood. An Analysis with Multiple Methodologies. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Mental Health, 7(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, J., & Ismond, D. (1996). DSM IV Training Guide for Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, D. E., Smith-Darden, J. P., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Malone, C. A., & Kernsmith, P. D. (2018). Masculine Discrepancy Stress and Psychosocial Maladjustment: Implications for Behavioral and Mental Health of Adolescent Boys. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(4), 560–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, C. E., & Rogers, M. P. (1994). Designing a Psychosocial Intervention to Teach Coping Flexibility. Rehabilitation Psychology, 39(1), 57–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Student African American Brotherhood. Retrieved from http://saabnational.org/

  • Teach for America. (2018). What It Takes to Retain Black Male Teachers. Retrieved from https://www.teachforamerica.org/stories/what-it-takes-to-retain-Black-male-teachers

  • Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (2004). Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence. Psychological Inquiry, I15(1), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toldson, I. (2018). Why Historically Black Colleges and Universities Are Successful with Graduating Black Baccalaureat Students Who Subsequently Ear Doctorates in STEM (Editor’s Comments). The Journal of Negro Education, 87(2), 95–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toldson, I. A., & Lewis, C. W. (2012). Challenge the Status Quo: Academic Success among School-Age African American Males. Washington, DC: Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • University System of Georgia. African American Male Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.usg.edu/aami/

  • Utsey, S. O., Adams, E. P., & Bolden, M. (2000). Development and Initial Validation of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory. Journal of Black Psychology, 26(2), 194–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ausdale, D., & Feagin, J. (2001). The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vice News. A Vanishing History: Gullah Geechee Nation. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqDTJogdWmA

  • Weld, D. T. (1839). American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whatley Matabane, P., & Merrritt, B. (2014). Media Use, Gender, and African American College Attendance: The Cosby Show Effect. Howard Journal of Communications, 25(4), 452–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X (Clark), C., McGee, D. P., Nobles, W., X (Weems), L. (1975). Voodoo or IQ: An Introduction to African Psychology. Journal of Black Psychology, 1(2), 9–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. A. (2013). Resiliency Theory: A Strengths-Based Approach to Research and Practice for Adolescent Health. Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 40(4), 381–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Grant Jr., D.E. (2019). Healing Noose Scars: Cultural Empathy and Corrective Emotional Experiences. In: Black Men, Intergenerational Colonialism, and Behavioral Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21114-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics