Skip to main content

Experience for Future Good Practice and Policy of Combined Carbon Management and Livelihood in HKH Region

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Carbon Management for Promoting Local Livelihood in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region

Abstract

How can we improve carbon management at the field and household level? This is the key question to carry out implementation of climate control. Although traditional knowledge is important in guiding this practice, the modeling technique could be used to improve the traditional approach. In this chapter, we summarize experience of low carbon emission practices and cases of compensation in HKH areas to improve livelihood. The results, in some cases, could be recommended throughout the HKH by training and demonstration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 12 November 2019

    The original version of Chapters 1 and 18 was inadvertently published with incorrect affiliation of the author “Devendra Gauchan”.

References

  • Anup, K.C., R. Maandhar, R. Paudel, et al. 2018. Increase of forest carbon biomass due to community forestry management in Nepal. Journal of Forest Research 29: 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0438-z.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, M.S., M.L. Tyrrell, D. Spalding, et al. 2012. Managing forest carbon in a changing climate. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atela, J.O., P.A. Minang, C.H. Quinn, et al. 2015. Implementing REDD+ at the local level: Assessing the key enables for credible mitigation and sustainable livelihood outcomes. Journal of Environmental Management 157: 238–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, A.K. 1999. Community forestry development in India. In World forests society and environment, ed. M. Palo and J. Unsivuori. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banskota, K., B.S. Karky, and M. Skutsch. 2007. Reducing carbon emission through community-managed forests in the Himalaya. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, S., O. Dubois, P. M. Costa, et al. 2000. Rural livelihoods and carbon management, London, IIED natural resource issues paper no. 1. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benessaiah, K. 2012. Carbon and livelihoods in Post-Kyoto: Assessing voluntary carbon markets. Ecological Economics 77: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, N.I., R. Harley, and C.M. Ryan. 2014. Enabling communities to benefit from REDD+: Pragmatic assessment of carbon benefits. Carbon Management 4 (6): 571–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianba, Z. 2006. A study on ecological and economic efficiency in forage-crop rotation system in Tibet farming area. Thesis for Master’s Degree Northwest A & F University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluffstone, R.A., E. Somanathan, P. Jha, et al. 2017. Does collective action sequester carbon? Evidence from the Nepal community forestry program. World Development 101: 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, L.L., K.A. Farley, O.A. Chadwick, et al. 2016. Changes in carbon storage with land management promoted by payment for ecosystem services. Environmental Conservation 43 (4): 397–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullinger, A.C., A.-K. Neyer, M. Rass, et al. 2010. Community-based innovation contests: Where competition meets cooperation. Creativity and Innovation Management 19 (3): 209–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Nunez, A., O. Mertz, and M. Quintero. 2016. Propensity of farmers to conserve forest within REDD+ projects in areas affected by armed-conflict. Forest Policy and Economics 66: 22–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, W., and S. Ghoshal. 2014. Respiratory quotients as a useful indicator of the enhancement of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in field-aged contaminated soils in cold climates. Cold Regions Science and Technology 106–107: 110–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, C., A. Ren, Y. Wang, et al. 2018. An approach C degree model on ecological, social and economic coupling development in Qinghai-Tibet plateau research community. Pratacultural Science 35 (3): 677–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhatre, A., and A. Agrawal. 2009. Trade-offs and synergies between carbon storage and livelihood benefits from forest commons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (42): 17667–17670.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crewett, W. 2012. Improving the sustainability of pasture use in Kyrgyzstan. Mountain Research and Development 32 (3): 267–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diemont, S.A.W., and J.F. Martin. 2009. Lacandon Maya ecosystem management: sustainable design for subsistence and environmental restoration. Ecological Applications 19 (1): 254–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, S., and R. Sherman. 2015. Enhancing the resilience of coupled human and natural systems of alpine rangelands on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The Rangeland Journal 37 (1): 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, S., L. Wen, L. Zhu, et al. 2010. Implication of coupled natural and human systems in sustainable rangeland ecosystem management in HKH region. Frontiers of Earth Science in China 4 (1): 42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, Q.M., J.J. Shi, Y.S. Ma, et al. 2011a. Analysis on economic and ecological benefit of black-soil-beach sown grassland. Acta Agrestia Sinica 19 (2): 195–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, S., L. Wen, S. Liu, et al. 2011b. Vulnerability of worldwide pastoralism to global changes and interdisciplinary strategies for sustainable pastoralism. Ecology and Society 16 (2): 10. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss2/art10/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, S., K.-A.S. Kassam, J.F. Tourrand, et al. 2016. Building resilience of human-natural systems of pastoralism in the developing world. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörre, A. 2015. Promises and realities of community-based pasture management approaches: Observations from Kyrgyzstan. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 5: 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-015-0035-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dougill, A.J., L.C. Stringer, J. Leventon, et al. 2012. Lessons from community-based payment for ecosystem service schemes: From forests to rangelands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367 (1606): 3178–3190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, R.Z., R.J. Long, Z.H. Shang, et al. 2010. Establishment of Elymus natans improves soil quality of a heavily degraded alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Plant and Soil 327: 403–411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Drink Federation (FDF). 2008. Working for the economy: Our contribution to the economy. London: Food and Drink Federation/University of Reading.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golub, A.A., B.B. Henderson, T.W. Hertel, et al. 2013. Global climate policy impacts on livestock, land use, livelihoods, and food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (52): 20894–20899.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havlik, P., H. Valin, M. Herrero, et al. 2014. Climate change mitigation through livestock system transitions. PNAS 111 (10): 3709–3714.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, M., P.K. Thornton, A.M. Notenbaert, et al. 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327: 822–825.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilson, M. 2011. Locking-in carbon,locking-out livelihood? Artisanal mining and REDD in sub- Saharan Africa. Journal of International Development 23 (8): 1140–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingalls, M.L., and M.B. Dwyer. 2016. Missing the forest for the trees? Navigating the trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation under REDD. Climatic Change 136 (2): 353–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karki, R., K.K. Shrestha, H. Ojha, et al. 2018. From forests to food security: Pathways in Nepal’s community forestry. Small-Scale Forestry 17: 89–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kates, R.W., W.R. Travis, and T.J. Wilbanks. 2012. Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient. PNAS 109 (19): 7156–7165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, D., G. Han, X. Hou, et al. 2013. Innovative grassland management systems for environmental and livelihood benefits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (21):8369–8374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khadka, D., M.S. Babel, S. Shrestha, et al. 2014. Climate change impact on glacier and snow melt and runoff in Tamakoshi basin in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. Journal of Hydrology 511: 49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S.M., S. Page, H. Ahmad, et al. 2014. Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with special emphasis on indicator species of a Himalayan Valley in the northern Pakistan. Ecological Indicators 37 (A): 175–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khatri, D.B., K. Marquardt, A. Pain, et al. 2018. Shifting regimes of management and uses of forests: What might REDD+ implementation mean for community forestry? Evidence from Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics 92: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebel, L. 2007. Adapting to climate change. Global Asia 2: 15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. 1996. Managing conflicts in protected areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. xii+100pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.-Y., S.-K. Dong, L. Wen, et al. 2014. Soil carbon and nitrogen pools and their relationship to plant and soil dynamics of degraded and artificially restored grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Geoderma 213: 178–184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, R.J., Z.H. Shang, L.M. Ding, et al. 2010a. Regional workshop of ‘pastroralism and rangeland management on the Tibetan plateau in the context of climate and global change’. (Workshop presentation). InWEnt, ICIMOD, TAAAS, NAC. Lhasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, R.J., Z.H. Shang, X.G. Li, et al. 2010b. Carbon sequestration and the implications for rangeland management. In Towards sustainable use of rangelands in North-West China, ed. Victor Squires, Hua Limin, Zhang Degang, and Guolin Li, 127–146. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, R., Z. Shang, L. Zhang, et al. 2018. Investigation report for natural and social-cultural science of natural reserve in Hindu Kush Karakoram Pamir. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luintel, H., R.A. Bluffstone, and R.M. Scheller. 2018. The effects of the Nepal community forestry program on biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. PLoS One 13 (6): e0199526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusiana, B., M.V. Noordwijk, and G. Cadisch. 2012. Land sparing or sharing? Exploring livestock fodder options in combination with land use zoning and consequences for livelihoods and net carbon stocks using the FALLOW model. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 159: 145–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusiana, B., M. van Noordwijk, F. Johana, et al. 2014. Implications of uncertainty and scale in carbon emission estimates on locally appropriate designs to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 19: 757–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, K., D. Khatri, and A. Pain. 2016. REDD+, forest transition, agrarian change and ecosystem services in the hills of Nepal. Human Ecology 44 (2): 229–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAfee, K. 2016. Green economy and carbon markets for conservation and development: A critical view. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 16 (3): 333–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negi, V.S., I.D. Bhatt, P.C. Phondani, et al. 2015. Rehabilitation of degraded community land in Western Himalaya: Linking environmental conservation with livelihood. Current Science 109 (3): 520–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, P., J.A. Oldekop, G. Broding, et al. 2016. Carbon, biodiversity, and livelihoods in forest commons: synergies, trade-off, and implications for REDD+. Environmental Research Letters 11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojea, E., M.L. Loureiro, M. Alló, et al. 2016. Ecosystem services and REDD: Estimating the benefits of non-carbon services in worldwide forests. World Development 78: 246–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagányi, É.E., I. Van Putten, T. Hutton, et al. 2013. Integrating indigenous livelihood and lifestyle objectives in managing a natural resource. PNAS 110 (9): 3639–3644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S.S., G. Cockfield, and T.N. Maraseni. 2016. Assessing the roles of community forestry in climate change mitigation and adaptation: a case study from Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management 360: 400–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey, S.S., T.N. Maraseni, K. Reardon-Smith, et al. 2017. Analyzing foregone costs of communities and carbon benefits in small scale community based forestry practice in Nepal. Land Use Policy 69: 160–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana, P., and A. Chhatre. 2017. Beyond committees: Hybrid forest governance for equity and sustainability. Forest Policy and Economics 78: 40–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, F.J. 2007. Socio-economic impacts of community forest management in rural India. Thesis of Doctor Degree in University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandwith, T., C. Shine, L. Hamiltion, et al. 2001. Transboundary protected areas for peace and co-operation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.xi+111pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H. 2006. Studies on soil seed bank and regeneration of degraded alpine grassland in the Headwaters of Yangtze and Yellow rivers on Tibetan plateau. Thesis of Doctor Degree in Gansu Agricultural University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., and R.J. Long. 2007. Formation causes and recovery of the “Black Soil Type” degraded alpine grassland in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Frontiers of Agriculture in China 1 (2): 197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., Q.M. Ji, D.Z. Duoji, et al. 2009. Discussion on the development of crop-grass system in the ‘three rivers’ region of Tibet. Pratacultural Science 26 (8): 141–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., M.J. Gibb, F. Leiber, et al. 2014. The sustainable development of grassland-livestock systems on the Tibetan plateau: problems, strategies and prospects. The Rangeland Journal 36 (3): 267–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., Q.M. Dong, A. Degen, et al. 2016a. Chapter 8. Ecological restoration on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: problems, strategies and prospects. In Ecological restoration: Global challenges, social aspects and environmental benefits, ed. Victor R. Squires, 161–176. New York: Nova Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., A. White, A.A. Degen, et al. 2016b. Role of Tibetan women in carbon balance in the alpine grasslands of the Tibetan plateau—a review. Nomadic Peoples 20: 108–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., B.J. Yang, C.H. Han, et al. 2016c. Chapter 4: Adaptive technology and demonstration in alpine grassland ecosystem. In Climate change adaptive technology system for typical vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems, ed. X.G. Lv et al., 130–138. Beijing: Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., R. Zhang, A. Degen, et al. 2017. Chapter 5. Rangelands and grasslands in the Tibetan Plateau of China: Ecological structure and function at the top of the world. In Rangelands along the silk road: Transformative adaptation under climate and global change, ed. Victor R. Squires, 65–101. New York: Nova Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Z.H., Q.M. Dong, J.J. Shi, et al. 2018. Research progress in recent ten years of ecological restoration for ‘black soil land’ degraded grassland on Tibetan plateau-concurrently discuss of ecological restoration in Sanjiangyuan region. Acta Agrestia Sinica 26 (1): 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, R. 2012. Impacts on human health of climate and land use change in the Hindu Kush–Himalayan region: Overview of available information and research agenda. Mountain Research & Development 32 (4): 480–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, J. 2016. Producing Himalayan Darjeeling: Mobile people and mountain encounters. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies 35 (2): 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., and S.J. Scherr. 2003. Capturing the value of forest carbon for local livelihoods. World Development 31 (12): 2143–2160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J., M. Anda, and R.J. Harper. 2016. Carbon profiles of remote Australian indigenous communities: A base for opportunities. Energy Policy 94: 77–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J., R.J. Harper, and M. Anda. 2011. Developing a model of carbon sources and sinks for indigenous communities in Australia. In 19th International congress on modelling and simulation, ed. F. Chan, D. Marinova, and R.S. Anderssen, 3085–3091. Perth: Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, L.C., A.J. Dougill, A.D. Thomas, et al. 2012. Challenges and opportunities in linking carbon sequestration, livelihoods and ecosystem service provision in drylands. Environmental Science & Policy 19–20 (5): 121–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun, T., R.J. Long, and Z.Y. Liu. 2013. The effect of a diet containing grasshoppers and access to free-range on carcase and meat physicochemical and sensory characteristics in broilers. British Poultry Science 54 (1): 130–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, T., X. Liu, G. Sun, et al. 2016. Grasshopper plague control in the alpine rangelands of the Qilian Mountains, China: A socio-economic and biological approach. Land Degradation & Development 27: 1763–1770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timalsina, N., N. Agarwal, N. Bhattarai, et al. 2018. Proceeding of joint BMUB-ICIMOD expert consultation workshop on Hindu Kush Himalayan Mountain soils. Kathmandu, Nepal: ICIMOD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Oosten, C. 2018. Connecting landscapes along the Silk Route (Viewpoint). https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/viewpoint/connecting-landscapes-along-the-silk-route/.

  • Wei, X., X. Mao, and Z. Zhuoma. 2015. Preception analysis of ‘Panchen Project’ in proportioning the husbandry redevelopment in Tibetan area. Journal of Qinghai Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences) 37 (6): 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J.C., R.E. Grumbine, A. Shrestha, et al. 2009. The melting Himalayas: Cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conservation Biology 23 (3): 520–530.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeibai. 2018. Report for the community pasture project in Tibetan plateau. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B. 2014. The research on performance evaluation of Qinghai ecological livestock husbandry cooperative. The Master Dissertation of Qinghai University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R. 2015. Comparison of nitrogen utilization by alpine plants and the influence of grassland change on soil/root carbon/carbonhydrate in alpine meadow. Thesis of Master Degree in Lanzhou University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B., and S. Li. 2014. The performance evaluation of ecological animal husbandry cooperatives. Journal of Qinghai Nationalities University 1: 108–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, X., L. Zhao, Q. Li, et al. 2018. Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 5 (1): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhanhuan Shang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shang, Z., Degen, A.A., Gauchan, D., Squires, V.R. (2020). Experience for Future Good Practice and Policy of Combined Carbon Management and Livelihood in HKH Region. In: Shang, Z., Degen, A., Rafiq, M., Squires, V. (eds) Carbon Management for Promoting Local Livelihood in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20591-1_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics