Abstract
In this chapter the PSC model is investigated from composition and dispersion perspectives. PSC refers to the shared perception of managerial activities to support employees’ psychological health and safety. Theoretically, PSC extends the Job Demand-Resources (JD-R) theory. Consistent with composition and dispersion theories, both PSC compositions (average levels) and PSC dispersion (standard deviation (SD)) are investigated. PSC Ideal \( \left( {\frac{PSC\;Level}{PSC\, SD}} \right) \) is a new concept being introduced for the first time here, and includes both mean and dispersion roles. We expected that PSC at the team level determined job design (JD-Rs; psychological and emotional demands, organisational justice, supervisor support and workplace rewards), employee psychological health, job satisfaction and work engagement. Furthermore, it was anticipated that moderating effects of PSC Ideal \( \left( {\frac{PSC\;Level}{PSC\, SD}} \right) \) explained more variance than PSC Level. A pilot study (n = 15) to check the validity (face and content) and reliability (with a two week interval) of scales was conducted for the translated measures’ validity and reliability. The ultimate sample (n = 247 from a hospital with 27 teams) voluntarily participated. SPSS-25 and HLM-7 software were applied to analyse the data. Research findings confirmed the PSC research model indicating the importance of higher PSC Ideal rankings having high PSC Level (mean) and low dispersion level (SD). PSC Ideal interacted with JD-Rs to predict employees’ mental health, job satisfaction and engagement. The findings can help hospitals managers to improve and support the employees’ mental health and well-being, job satisfaction and work engagement by including PSC preventive protocol workplace health and safety strategies. In high PSC Ideal situations, the supportive atmosphere would stimulate employees to have consistent and similar perspectives toward the work issues which develop their work-related skills and communications. This study was limited by the sample size, self-report collection, and ignoring of the time growth. Longitudinal designs including more participants, teams and organisations at different range of public and private industries would be recommended for future studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afsharian, A., Dollard, M., Zadow, A., Dormann, C., & Ziaian, T. (2017). Should psychosocial safety climate theory be extended to include climate strength? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (in press).
Afsharian, A., Zadow, A., & Dollard, M. F. (2016). Psychosocial safety climate from two different cultural perspectives in the Asia Pacific: Iran and Australia hospitals psychosocial factors at work in the Asia Pacific (pp. 187–201). Springer International Publisher.
Anderson, N. R., & West, M. A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: Development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 19, 235–258.
Asadi, H., Garavand, A., Khammarnia, M., & Abdollahi, M. B. (2017). The sources of work stress among nurses in private hospitals in Shiraz, 2016 sources of work stress among nurses in private hospitals in Shiraz, 2016. Journal of Health Management and Informatics, 4, 71–75.
Bailey, T. S., Dollard, M. F., McLinton, S. S., & Richards, P. A. (2015). Psychosocial safety climate, psychosocial and physical factors in the aetiology of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms and workplace injury compensation claims. Work & Stress, 29, 190–211.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2016). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 273–285.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 170–180.
Biron, C., Cooper, C. L., & Gibbs, P. (2011). Stress interventions versus positive interventions: Apples and oranges. In The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 938–950).
Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multi-level theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349–381). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bond, S. A., Tuckey, M. R., & Dollard, M. F. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate, workplace bullying, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Organization Development Journal, 28, 37–56.
Bryk, A. S., Raudenbush, S. W., & Congdon, R. T. (1996). HLM: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modelling with the HLM/2L and HLM/3L programs. Chicago, IL: SSI Scientific Software International. Inc.
Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234–246.
Cole, M. S., Bedeian, A. G., Hirschfeld, R. R., & Vogel, B. (2011). Dispersion-composition models in multilevel research a data-analytic framework. Organizational Research Methods, 14, 718–734.
Dawson, J. F., González-Romá, V., Davis, A., & West, M. A. (2008). Organizational climate and climate strength in UK hospitals. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 89–111.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512.
Denison, D. R. (1996). What is the difference between organizational culture and organizational climate? A native’s point of view on a decade of paradigm wars. Academy of Management Review, 21, 619–654.
Dollard, M. F., & Bailey, T. S. (2014). The Australian workplace barometer: Psychosocial safety climate and working conditions in Australia. Samford Valley, Australia: Australian Academic Press.
Dollard, M. F., Bailey, T., McLinton, S., & Richards, P. (2012). The Australian workplace barometer: Report on psychosocial safety climate and worker health in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/the-australian-workplace-barometer-report.pdf.
Dollard, M. F., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 579–599.
Dollard, M. F., & Karasek, R. A. (2010). Building psychosocial safety climate. In J. Houdmont & S. Leka (Eds.), Contemporary occupational health psychology: Global perspectives on research and practice (Vol. 1, pp. 208–233). London, UK: Wiley.
Dollard, M. F., & Neser, D. Y. (2013). Worker health is good for the economy: Union density and psychosocial safety climate as determinants of country differences in worker health and productivity in 31 European countries. Social Science and Medicine, 92, 114–123.
Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., & Dormann, C. (2012b). Psychosocial safety climate moderates the job demand–resource interaction in predicting workgroup distress. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 694–704.
Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., & McKenna, E. (2016). Human safety and risk management. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
González-Romá, V., Fortes-Ferreira, L., & Peiro, J. M. (2009). Team climate, climate strength and team performance. A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 511–536.
Hall, G. B., Dollard, M. F., & Coward, J. (2010a). Psychosocial safety climate: Development of the PSC-12. International Journal of Stress Management, 17, 353–383.
Hall, G. B., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., Winefield, A. H., & Thompson, B. (2010b). A longitudinal study of spillover of job demands and emotional exhaustion to work-family conflict in Australian frontline police. Journal of Occupational Organisational Psychology, 83, 237–250.
Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199–1228.
Hofmann, D. A., Burke, M. J., & Zohar, D. (2017). 100 years of occupational safety research: From basic protections and work analysis to a multilevel view of workplace safety and risk. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 375–388.
Idris, M. A., & Dollard, M. (2016). Psychosocial safety climate: Past, present, and future research psychosocial factors at work in the Asia Pacific (pp. 89–134). Springer International Publishing.
James, L. R., & Sells, S. B. (1981). Psychological climate: Theoretical perspectives and empirical research. In D. Magnusson & D. Magnusson (Eds.), Toward a psychology of situations: An interactional perspective (pp. 275–295). Hillsdale, NJ: Psychology Press.
Jimmieson, N. L., Tucker, M. K., & Walsh, A. J. (2017). Interaction effects among multiple job demands: An examination of healthcare workers across different contexts. Anxiety Stress and Coping, 30, 317–332.
Job Content Questionnaire Centre. (2012). Job content questionnaire. Boston, MA: Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts.
Kessler, R., & Mroczek, D. (1994). Final versions of our non-specific psychological distress scale. Memo dated March, 10.
Kozlowski, S. W., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes (pp. 3–90). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kwan, S. S. M., Tuckey, M. R., & Dollard, M. F. (2016). The role of the psychosocial safety climate in coping with workplace bullying: A grounded theory and sequential tree analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25, 133–148.
Law, R., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., & Dormann, C. (2011). Psychosocial safety climate as a lead indicator of workplace bullying and harassment, job resources, psychological health and employee engagement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 1782–1793.
LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2007). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 815–852.
Loh, M. Y., Idris, M. A., Dollard, M. F., & Isahak, M. (2018). Psychosocial safety climate as a moderator of the moderators: Contextualizing JDR models and emotional demands effects. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. (2008). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—Employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 29, 219–238.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, 99–113.
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61, 349–374.
Meade, A. W., & Eby, L. T. (2007). Using indices of group agreement in multilevel construct validation. Organizational Research Methods, 10, 75–96.
Morrison, E. W., Wheeler-Smith, S. L., & Kamdar, D. (2011). Speaking up in groups: A cross-level study of group voice climate and voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 183–191.
Naumann, S. E., & Bennett, N. (2000). A case for procedural justice climate: Development and test of a multilevel model. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 881–889.
Neal, A., Griffin, M. A., & Hart, P. M. (2000). The impact of organizational climate on safety climate and individual behaviour. Safety Science, 34, 99–109.
Ostroff, C., & Fulmer, C. A. (2014). Variance as a construct: Understanding variability beyond the mean. Chicago, IL: American Psychological Association.
Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Tamkins, M. M. (2003). Organizational culture and climate. In Handbook of psychology. New York, NY: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory-general survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Test manual (3rd ed., pp. 22–26). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In Bridging occupational, organizational and public health (pp. 43–68). The Netherlands: Springer.
Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., & Macey, W. H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 361–388.
Schneider, B., González-Romá, V., Ostroff, C., & West, M. A. (2017). Organizational climate and culture: Reflections on the history of the constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 468.
Schneider, B., Salvaggio, A. N., & Subirats, M. (2002). Climate strength: A new direction for climate research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 220–229.
Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. (1998). Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Tests of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 150–163.
Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 27–41.
Siegrist, J., Siegrist, K., & Weber, I. (1986). Sociological concepts in the etiology of chronic disease: The case of ischemic heart disease. Social Science and Medicine, 22, 247–253.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.
Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1987). A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, 9, 51–71.
Warr, P., Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 52, 129–148.
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sense making in organizations. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 121–141.
Zadow, A., Dollard, M., McLinton, S., Lawrence, & Tuckey, M. (2015). Psychosocial safety climate, the psychological health erosion pathway, and workplace injuries in frontline healthcare workplaces. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 96–102.
Zohar, D. (2010). Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1517–1522.
Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 616–628.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Afsharian, A., Dollard, M.F., Ziaian, T., Dormann, C., Karimzadeh, A. (2019). Psychosocial Safety Climate and PSC Ideal; Direct and Interaction Effects on JD-R for Mental Health, Job Satisfaction and Work Engagement (Iran). In: Dollard, M., Dormann, C., Awang Idris, M. (eds) Psychosocial Safety Climate. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20319-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20319-1_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20318-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20319-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)