Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Coughlin SS, Ekwueme DU (2009) Breast cancer as a global health concern. Cancer Epidemiol 33:315–318
American Cancer Society (2011) Global cancer facts and figures, 2nd edn. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
American Cancer Society (2011) Breast cancer facts and figures 2011–2012. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
Miao H, Verkooijen HM, Chia KS, Bouchardy C, Pukkala E, Laronningen S, Mellemkjaer L, Czene K, Hartman M (2011) Incidence and outcome of male breast cancer: an international population-based study. J Clin Oncol 29:4381–4386
Joslyn SA, Foote ML, Nasseri K, Coughlin SS, Howe HL (2005) Racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer rates by age: NAACCR breast cancer project. Breast Cancer Res Treat 92:97–105
Wingo PA, King J, Swan J, Coughlin SS, Kaur JS, Erb-Alvarez JA, Jackson-Thompson J, Arambula Solomon TG (2008) Breast cancer incidence among American Indian and Alaska native women: US, 1999–2004. Cancer 113(5):1191–1202
Yedjou CG, Tchounwou PB, Payton M, Miele L, Fonseca DD, Lowe L, Alo RA (2017) Assessing the racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality in the United States. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 14:486
Whitman S, Orsi J, Hurlbert M (2011) The racial disparity in breast cancer mortality in the 25 largest cities in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol 36:e147–ee51
DeSantis C, Howlader N, Cronin KA, Jemal A (2011) Breast cancer incidence rates in US women are no longer declining. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20:733–799
Anderson WF, Katki HA, Rosenberg PS (2011) Incidence of breast cancer in the United States: current and future trends. J Natl Cancer Inst 21:1397–1402
Forouzanfar MH, Foreman KJ, Delossantos AM, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, Naghavi M (2011) Breast and cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 378:1461–1484
James RE, Lukanova A, Dossus L et al (2011) Postmenopausal serum sex steroids and risk of hormone receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer: a nested case-control study. Cancer Prev Res 4:1626–16311
Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2011) Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies. Br J Cancer 105:709–722
Coughlin SS, Yoo W, Whitehead MS, Smith SA (2015) Advancing breast cancer survivorship among African-American women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 153:253–261
Coughlin SS, Richardson LS, Orelien J, Thompson T, Richards TB, Sabatino SA, Wu W, Conney D (2009) Contextual analysis of breast cancer stage at diagnosis among women in the United States, 2004. Open Health Services Policy J 2:45–46
Dunn BK, Agurs-Collins T, Browne D, Lubet R, Johnson KA (2010) Health disparities in breast cancer: biology meets socioeconomic status. Breast Cancer Res Treat 121:281–292
Russo J, Moral R, Balogh GA, Mailo D, Russo IH (2005) The protective role of pregnancy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 7:131–142
Jatoi I, Anderson WF (2010) Qualitative age interactions in breast cancer studies: a mini-review. Future Oncol 6:1781–1788
Opdahl S, Alsaker MD, Jansky I, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ (2011) Joint effects of nulliparity and other breast cancer risk factors. Br J Cancer 105:731–736
Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Wise LA, Ambrosone CB, Adams-Campbell LL, Rosenberg L (2011) Parity and lactation in relation to estrogen receptor negative breast cancer in African American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20:1883–1891
Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM, Mandel MG, Wilson HG, Jeng G, Folger SG, McDonald JA, Daling JR, Bernstein L, Malone KE, Wingo PA, Simon MS, Norman SA, Strom BL, Ursin G, Weiss LK, Burkman RT, Spirtas R (2012) Oral contraceptive formulation and risk of breast cancer. Contraception 85:342–350
Grevers X, Grundy A, Poirier AE, Khandwala F, Feldman M, Friedenreich CM, Brenner DR (2016) Cancer incidence attributable to the use of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy in Alberta in 2012. CMAJ Open 4:E754–EE59
Calle EE, Feigelson HS, Hildebrand JS, Teras LR, Thun MJ, Rodriguez C (2009) Postmenopausal hormone use and breast cancer associations differ by hormone regimen and histologic subtype. Cancer 115:936–945
Reeves GK, Beral V, Green J, Gathani T, Bull D, Million Women Study Collaborators (2006) Hormonal therapy for menopause and breast-cancer risk by histological type: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 7:910–918
Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD et al (2003) Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the women’s health initiative randomized trial. JAMA 289:3243–3253
DeBono NL, Robinson WR, Lund JL, Tse CK, Moorman PG, Olshan AF, Troester MA (2017) Race, menopausal hormone therapy, and invasive breast cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 27:377–386
Pelucchi C, Levi F, La Vecchia C (2010) The rise and fall in menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer incidence. Breast 19:198–201
Breen N, Cronin KA, Tiro JA, Meissner HI, McNeel TS, Sabatino SA, Tangka FK, Taplin SH (2011) Was the drop in mammography rates in 2005 associated with the drop in hormone therapy use? Cancer 117:5450–5460
Chen WY, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC (2011) Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk. JAMA 306:1884–1890
Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer et al (2002) Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 87:1234–1245
Tjonneland A, Christensen J, Olsen A et al (2007) Alcohol intake and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control 18:361–373
Dong JY, Qin LQ (2011) Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 125:315–323
Pan SY, Zhou J, Gibbons L, Morrison H, Wen SW (2011) Antioxidants and breast cancer risk—a population-based case-control study in Canada. BMC Cancer 11:372
Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC (2014) Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence: prospective cohort study. BMJ 348:g3437
Farvid MS, Chen WY, Michels KB, Cho E, Willett WC, Eliassen AH (2016) Fruit and vegetable consumption in adolescence and early adulthood and risk of breast cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ 353:i12343
Donaldson MS (2004) Nutrition and cancer: a review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J 3:19
Sieri S, Pala V, Brighenti F, Pellegrini N, Muti P, Micheli A, Evangelista A, Grioni S, Contiero P, Berrino F, Krogh V (2007) Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of breast cancer in an Italian prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1160–1166
Lajous M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fabre A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Romieu I (2008) Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1384–1391
Shikany JM, Redden DT, Neuhouser ML, Chlebowski RT, Rohan TE, Simon MS, Liu S, Lane DS, Tinker L (2011) Dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrates and risk of breast cancer in the women’s health initiative. Nutr Cancer 63:899–907
Jonas CR, McCullough ML, Teras LR, Walker-Thurmond KA, Thun MJ, Calle EE (2003) Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of incident breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 12:573–577
Hartman TJ, Gapstur SM, Gaudet MM, Shah R, Flanders WD, Wang Y, McCullough ML (2016) Dietary energy density and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence in the cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort. J Nutr 146:2045–2050
Mulholland HG, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM (2008) Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 99:1170–1175
Van Ryswyk K, Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Epidemiology Research Group TC (2016) Dietary patterns and the risk of female breast cancer among participants of the Canadian national enhanced cancer surveillance system. Can J Public Health 107:e49–e55
Harris HR, Willett WC, Vaidya RL, Michels KB (2017) An adolescent and early adulthood dietary pattern associated with inflammation and the incidence of breast cancer. Cancer Res 77:1179–1187
Buckland G, Travier N, Cottet V et al (2013) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Int J Cancer 132:2918–2927
van den Brandt PA, Schulpen M (2017) Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results of a cohort study and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 140:2220–2231
Kim HJ, Jung S, Eliassen AH, Chen WY, Willett WC, Cho E (2017) Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by family history of breast cancer and folate intake in younger women. Am J Epidemiol 186:524–531
Neilson HK, Farris MS, Stone CR, Vaska MM, Brenner DR, Friedenreich CM (2017) Moderate-vigorous recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk, stratified by menopause status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause 24:322–344
Friedenreich CM, Neilson HK, Lynch BM (2010) State of the epidemiological evidence on physical activity and cancer prevention. Eur J Cancer 46:2593–2604
McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E, Wilcox S, Coates R, Adams-Campbell LL, Woods N, Ockene J (2003) Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The women’s health initiative cohort study. JAMA 290:1331–1336
Neihoff NM, White AJ, Sandler DP (2017) Childhood and teenage physical activity and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 164:697–705
Kobayashi LC, Janssen I, Richardson H, Lai AS, Spinelli JJ, Aronson KJ (2013) Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity across the life course and risk of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 139:851–861
Boeke CE, Eliassen AH, Oh H, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Tamimi RM (2014) Adolescent physical activity in relation to breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 145:715–724
Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M (2008) Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 371:569–578
Green J, Cairns BJ, Casabonne D, Wright FL, Reeves G, Beral V (2011) Height and cancer incidence in the million women study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk. Lancet Oncol 12:785–794
McTiernan A, Ulrich C, Slate S, Potter J (1998) Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 9:487–509
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625–1638
Welti LM, Beavers DP, Caan BJ, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Vitolins MZ, Beavers KM (2017) Weight fluctuation and cancer risk in postmenopausal women: the women’s health initiative. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 26:779–786
Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Teras LR, Thun MJ (2004) Weight gain, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and postmenopausal breast cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 13:220–224
Baer HJ, Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE, Willet WC (2010) Body fatness at young ages and risk of breast cancer throughout life. Am J Epidemiol 171:1183–1194
Bruning PF, Bonfrer JM, van Noord PA, Hart AA, de Jong-Bakker M, Nooijen WJ (1992) Insulin resistance and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 52:511–516
Coughlin SS, Smith SA (2015) The insulin-like growth factor axis, adipokines, physical activity, and obesity in relation to breast cancer incidence and recurrence. Cancer Clin Oncol 4:24–31
Talamini R, Franceschi S, Favero A, Negri E, Parazzini F, LaVecchia C (1997) Selected medical conditions and risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 75:1699–1703
Christopoulos PF, Msaouel P, Koutsilieris M (2015) The role of the insulin-like growth factor-I system in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 14:43
Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Michaud DS, Deroo B, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Pollak M (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351:1393–1396
Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Hunter DJ, Pollak MV, Hankinson SE (2006) Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), its binding proteins (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3) and growth hormone and breast cancer risk in the nurses health study II. Endocr Relat Cancer 13:583–592
Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2010) Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. Lancet Oncol 11:530–542
Rinaldi S, Toniolo P, Muti P et al (2005) IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and breast cancer in young women: a pooled reanalysis of three prospective studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 14:493–496
Harris HR, Tamimi RM, Willett WC, Hankinson SE, Michels KB (2011) Body size across the life course, mammographic density, and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 174:909–918
Yaghiyan L, Tamimi RM, Bertrand KA, Scott CG, Jensen MR, Pankratz VS, Brandt K, Visscher D, Norman A, Cough F, Shepherd J, Fan B, Chen YY, Ma L, Beck AH, Cummings SR, Kerlilowske K, Vachon CM (2017) Interaction of mammographic breast density with menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use in relation to the risk of aggressive breast cancer subyptes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 165:421–431
Bertrand KA, Scott CG, Tamimi RM, Jensen MR, Pankratz VS, Norman AD, Visscher DW, Cough FJ, Shepherd J, Chen YY, Fan B, Wu FF, Ma L, Beck AH, Cummings SR, Kerlikowske K, Vachon CM (2015) Dense and nondense mammographic area and risk of breast cancer by age and tumor characteristics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24:798–809
Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Yaffe MJ, Minkin S (2011) Mammographic density and breast cancer risk: current understanding and future prospects. Breast Cancer Res 13:223
Boyd NF, Melnichouk O, Martin LJ, Hislop G, Chiarelli AM, Yaffe MJ, Minkin S (2011) Mammographic density, response to hormones, and breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 29:2985–2929
Maskarinec G, Pagano I, Lurie G, Kolonel LN (2006) A longitudinal investigation of mammographic density: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 15:732–739
Land CE (1995) Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors: the example of breast cancer. JAMA 274:402–407
Hancock SL, Tucker MA, Hoppe RT (1993) Breast cancer after treatment of Hodgkin’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:25–31
Millikan R, DeVoto E, Duell EJ et al (2000) Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, polychlorinated biphyenyls, and breast cancer among African-American and white women in North Carolina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9:1233–1240
Calle EE, Frumkin H, Henley SJ et al (2002) Organochlorines and breast cancer risk. CA Cancer J Clin 52:301–309
Krieger N, Wolff MS, Hiatt RA et al (1994) Breast cancer and serum organochlorines; a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:589–599
Institute of Medicine (2012) Breast cancer and the environment: a life course approach. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Boffetta P, Mundt KA, Adami H-O, Cole P, Mandel JS (2011) TCDD and cancer: a critical review of epidemiologic studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 41:622–636
Niehoff N, White AJ, McCullogh LE, Steck SE, Beyea J, Mordukhovich I, Shen J, Neugut AI, Conway K, Santella RM, Gammon MD (2017) Polychyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and postmenopausal breast cancer: an evaluation of effect measure modification by body mass index and weight change. Environ Res 152:17–25
Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE, Willet WC, Hunter DJ, Kawachi I, Colditz GA (2001) Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1563–1568
Blask DE, Hill SM, Dauchy RT, Xiang S, Yuan L, Duplessis T, Mao L, Dauchy E, Sauer LA (2011) Circadian regulation of molecular, dietary, and metabolic signaling mechanisms of human breast cancer growth by the nocturnal melatonin signal and the consequences of its disruption by light at night. J Pineal Res 51:259–269
Terry MB, Delgado-Cruzata L, Vin-Raviv N, Wu HC, Santella RM (2011) DNA methylation in white blood cells. Association with risk factors in epidemiologic studies. Epigenetics 6:828–837
Phipps AI, Buist DS, Malone KE, Barlow WE, Porter PL, Kerlikowske K, Li CI (2011) Reproductive history and risk of three breast cancer subtypes defined by three biomarkers. Cancer Causes Control 22:399–405
de Ruijter TC, Veeck J, de Hoon JPJ, van Engeland M, Tjan-Heijnen VC (2011) Characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 137:183–192
Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTierman A, Wactawski-Wende J, Kuller LH, Adams-Campbell LL, Lane D, Stefanick ML, Vitolins M, Kabat GC, Rohan TE, Li CI (2011) Reproductive history and oral contraceptive use in relation to risk of triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:470–477
Anderson KN, Schwab RB, Martinez ME (2014) Reproductive risk factors and breast cancer subtypes: a review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 144:1–10
Ma H, Ursin G, Xu X, Lee E, Togawa K, Duan L, Lu Y, Malone KE, Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Simon MS, Folger SG, Sullivan-Halley J, Deapen DM, Press MF, Bernstein L (2017) Reproductive factors and the risk of triple-negative breast cancer in white women and African-American women: a pooled analysis. Breast Cancer Res 19:6
Yang XR, Chang-Claude J, Goode EL et al (2011) Associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes: a pooled analysis from the breast cancer association consortium studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:250–263
Shi J, Kobayashi LC, Grundy A, Richardson H, SenGupta SK, Lohrisch CA, Spinelli JJ, Aronson KJ (2017) Lifetime moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and ER/PR/HER-defined post-menopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 165:201–213
Davis AA, Kaklamani VG (2012) Metabolic syndrome and triple-negative breast cancer: a new paradigm. Int J Breast Cancer 2012:809291
Mavaddat N, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Garcia-Closas M (2010) Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Mol Oncol 4:174–191
Coughlin SS, Khoury MJ, Steinberg KK (1999) BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations and risk of breast cancer. Public health perspectives. Am J Prev Med 16:91–98
Newman B, Millikan RC, King M-C (1997) Genetic epidemiology of breast and ovarian cancers. Epidemiol Rev 19:69–79
Anderson TI (1996) Genetic heterogeneity in breast cancer susceptibility. Acta Oncol 35:407–410
Zhang B, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Long J, Zheng W (2011) Genetic variants associated with breast-cancer risk: comprehensive research synopsis, meta-analysis, and epidemiological evidence. Lancet Oncol 12:477–488
Lin WY, Camp NJ, Cannon-Albright LA et al (2011) A role for XRCC2 gene polymorphisms in breast cancer risk and survival. J Med Genet 48:477–484
Silva SN, Tomar M, Paulo C, Gomes BC, Azevedo AP, Teixeira V, Pina JE, Rueff J, Gaspar JF (2010) Breast cancer risk and common single nucleotide polymorphisms in homologous recombination DNA repair pathway genes XRCC2, XRCC3, NBS1 and RAD51. Cancer Epidemiol 34:85–92
Fulda S (2009) Caspase-8 in cancer biology and therapy. Cancer Lett 281:128–133
Turnbull C, Rahman N (2008) Genetic predisposition to breast cancer: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 9:321–345
Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S et al (2003) Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 72:1117–1113
Begg CB, Haile RW, Borg A et al (2008) Variation of breast cancer risk among BRCA1/2 carriers. JAMA 299:194–201
Ricks-Santi LJ, Sucheston LE, Yang Y, Freudenheim JL, Isaacs CJ, Schwartz MD, Dumitrescu RG, Marian C, Nie J, Vito D, Edge SB, Shields PG (2011) Association of Rad51 polymorphism with DNA repair in BRCA1 mutation carriers and sporadic breast cancer risk. BMC Cancer 11:278
Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR et al (2017) Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA 317:2402–2416
Rebbeck TR, Mitra N, Domchek SM et al (2011) Modification of BRCA1-associated breast and ovarian cancer risk by BRCA1-interacting genes. Cancer Res 71:5792–5805
Wang X, Pankratz VS, Fredericksen Z et al (2010) Common variants associated with breast cancer in genome-wide association studies are modifiers of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Hum Mol Genet 19:2886–2897
Dartois L, Fagherazzi G, Baglietto L et al (2016) Proportion of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancers attributable to known risk factors: estimates from the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 138:2415–2427
Wilson LF, Page AN, Dunn NA et al (2013) Population attributable risk of modifiable risk factors associated with invasive breast cancer in women aged 45-69 years in Queensland, Australia. Maturitas 76:370–376
Taminimi RM, Spiegelman D, Smith-Warner SA, Wang M, Pazaris M, Willett WC, Eliassen AH, Huntr DJ (2016) Population attributable risk of modifiable and nonmodifiable breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 184:884–893
Coughlin SS, Besenyi GB, Bowen D, De Leo G (2017) Development of a smartphone application for preventing breast cancer in women. mHealth 13(3):288
Mokdad AH et al (2017) Trends and patterns of disparities in cancer mortality among US counties, 1980-2014. JAMA 317(4):388–406. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.20324
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Coughlin, S.S. (2019). Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women. In: Ahmad, A. (eds) Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1152. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20300-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20301-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)