Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Overview of the Everglades

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mercury and the Everglades. A Synthesis and Model for Complex Ecosystem Restoration

Abstract

The Everglades is a freshwater wetland located in southern Florida. It originated 5500 years ago when rising waters of Lake Okeechobee and its vicinity fostered deposition of wetland soils through former uplands with widely exposed bedrock. Its development occurred in the presence of, and under the influence of Native Americans, their occupation having predated the Everglades by thousands of years. Prior to regional drainage, which began in the 1880s, the Everglades covered about 4000 square miles. It sloped southward at about 2.5 inches per mile from Lake Okeechobee to coastal tidal waters at the south end of Florida’s mainland. Just over half of the Everglades remains today, mostly broken into water-conservation impoundments controlled by levees and canals with only Everglades National Park at the south end still free-flowing. Pristine areas of the Everglades are oligotrophic, consisting mostly of marshes rich in periphyton. The marshes and periphyton are rapidly degraded by phosphorus enrichment over the maximum background of 10 ppb. Other enrichment of concern is sulfur and its association with elevated methylmercury, the latter biomagnified in Everglades fauna. Everglades marsh landscapes include long-hydroperiod sloughs (flooded 11+ months annually) and intermediate-hydroperiod sawgrass ridges (flooded 9–10 months), both underlain by peat soils, and smaller areas of short-hydroperiod, mixed-herb marshes (mostly flooded 3–7 months) underlain by marl. The latter occur around the edges of the southern Everglades. Unevenly distributed through these marshes are tree islands of several kinds based on their genesis and flora. One type was frequented through history by Native Americans, which influenced island development. Recent work has demonstrated the role of water flow in the evolution and maintenance of marsh and tree-island landscape features, all aligned with the pre-drainage direction of flow. Other Everglades features include small ponds called alligator holes that have various origins but are maintained by alligators and are ecologically important. Surrounding the Everglades are other plant communities, principally forests, and most outflows of water from the Everglades pass through extensive and highly productive tidal mangrove swamp forests before entering shallow marine waters at the south end of the system. Everglades wildlife responds to summer wet-season and winter-spring dry-season cycling, which characterizes southern Florida’s nearly tropical climate. Many introduced plants and animals have stressed the natural Everglades ecosystem, which supports 68 threatened and endangered species. Restoration efforts are in progress. Phosphorus reduction, initiated in the mid-1990s, has been successful but short of compliance targets. Overall ecosystem restoration is ongoing but slow. In combination with phosphorus reduction, it involves revision of South Florida’s water-control system to ensure the right quality, timing, and distribution of water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The name “Everglades” is used here a singular noun following most technical literature such as Loveless (1959), Davis and Ogden (1994), and McVoy et al. (2011). The plural form was used in an 1848 federal reconnaissance report (U.S. Senate 1911) and is common in popular literature such as Douglas (1947). The author discussed this issue with Ms. Douglas, who agreed, “Singular is appropriate but both are grammatically correct.”)

  2. 2.

    The name “red bay” is entrenched in Evergades literature as a bayhead species, referenced to the scientific name Persea borbonia. However, two varieties occur in the region and are now usually recognized as separate species: swamp bay (P. palustris), which tolerates shallow flooding for a month or more, is common in the Everglades; and red bay (P. borbonia), which is less tolerant of flooding and unusual or absent in the Everglades (Wunderlin et al. 2016; Nelson 2011). In lumping both together, a wide hydrologic tolerance is shown, as in Wetzel et al. 2017)

References

  • Abrahamson WG, Hartnett DC (1990) Pine flatwoods and dry prairies. In: Myers RL, Ewel JJ (eds) Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander TR (1971) Sawgrass biology related to the future of the Everglades ecosystem. Soil Crop Sci Soc Florida Proc 31:72–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardren T, Lowry JP, Memory M, Flanagan K, Busot A (2016) Prehistoric human impact on tree island lifecycles in the Florida Everglades. The Holocene 26(5):772–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armentano TV, Jones DT, Ross MS, Gamble BW (2002) Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas. In: Sklar FH, van der Valk A (eds) Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard DB (1938) Wildlife reconnaissance, Everglades National Park project. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt LA, Black DW (2001) Impacts of the introduced fern, Lygodium microphyllum, on the native vegetation of tree islands in the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge. Fla Sci 64(3):191–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt LA, Silveira JE, Kitchens WM (2002) Tree islands of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge. In: Sklar FH, van der Valk A (eds) Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Brosnan D (project lead) (2007) Everglades multi-species avian ecology and restoration review: final report. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Portland

    Google Scholar 

  • Browder JA, Gleason PJ, Swift DR (1994) Periphyton in the Everglades: spatial variation, environmental correlates, and ecological implications. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr RS (2002) The archaeology of Everglades tree slands. In: Sklar FH, van der Valk A (eds) Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cook MI (ed) (2016) South Florida wading bird report, vol 21. South Florida Water Management District, Everglades Systems Assessment, W. Palm Beach. This publication is part of a series of annual reports

    Google Scholar 

  • Craighead FC Sr (1971) The natural environments and their succession, The Trees of Southern Florida, vol 1. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JH Jr (1940) The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida. Carnegie Institution, publication no. 517, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JH Jr (1943) The natural features of southern Florida, especially the vegetation, and the Everglades. The Florida Geological Survey, Geological bulletin no. 25, Tallahassee

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) (1994) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelis DL, Loftus WF, Trexler JC, Ulanowicz RE (1997) Modeling fish dynamics and effects of stress in a hydrologically pulsed ecosystem. J Aquat Ecosyst Stress Recover 6:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorcas ME, Willson JD, Reed RN, Snow RW, Rochford MR, Miller MA, Meshaka WE Jr, Andreadis PT, Mazzotti FJ, Romagosa CM, Hart KM (2012) Severe mammal declined coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese python in Everglades National Park. PNAS 108(7):2418–2422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas MS (1947) The Everglades: river of grass. Rinehart, New York. (60th anniversary ed. with “Afterword” by M. Grunwald, 2007, 2010. Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dove CJ, Snow RW, Rochford MR, Mazzotti FJ (2011) Birds consumed by the invasive Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) in Everglades National Park, Florida, SA. Wilson J Ornithol 123(1):126–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreschel TW, Hohner SM, Aich S, McVoy CW (2018) Peat soils of the Everglades of Florida, USA. In: Topcuoğlu B, Turan M (eds) Peat. ISBN 978-953-51-5805-9, In-press

    Google Scholar 

  • Duever MJ, Carlson JE, Meeder JF, Duever LC, Gunderson LH, Riopelle LA, Alexander TR, Myers RL, Spangler DP (1986) The big cypress national preserve. National audubon society research report no. 8. National Audubon Society, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Duever MJ, Meeder JF, Meeder LC, McCollom JM (1994) The climate of South Florida and its role in shaping the Everglades ecosystem. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Egler FE (1952) Southeast saline Everglades vegetation in Florida, and its management. Veg Acta Bot III(Fasc. 4-5):213–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewel KC (1990) Swamps. In: Myers RL, Ewel JJ (eds) Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild D (1945) Are the Everglades worth saving? National Parks Magazine, Jan.-Mar. 1945 (reprinted from an address by Dr. Fairchild at the 1929 annual meeting of the American Forestry Association)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernald EA, Purdum ED (1998) Water resources Atlas of Florida. Institute of Science and Public Affairs, and Florida State University, Tallahassee

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher R, Robertson E, Reichert B, Cattau C, Wilcox CR, Zweig C, Jeffery B, Olbert J, Pias K, Kitchens W (2015) Snail kite demography 5-year report, prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Branch, Jacksonville, FL. by U.S. Geological Survey, FL Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • State of Florida (1845) A plat exhibiting the state of the Surveys in the State of Florida with references. Surveyor General’s Office, St. Augustine

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick PC, Ogden JC (2001) Pulsed breeding of long-legged wading birds and the importance of infrequent severe drought conditions in the Florida Everglades. Wetlands 21(4):484–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaiser E (2009) Periphyton as an indicator of restoration in the Florida Everglades. Ecol Indic 9S:37–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaiser EE, Trexler JC, Richards JH, Childers DL, Lee D, Edwards AL, Scinto LJ, Jayachandran K, Noe GB, Jones RD (2005) Cascading ecological effects of low-level phosphorus enrichment in the Florida Everglades. J Environ Qual 34:717–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gawlik DE, Gronemeyer P, Powell RA (2002) Habitat-use patterns of avian seed dispersers in the central Everglades. In: Sklar FH, van der Valk A (eds) Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser PH, Hansen BCS, Donovan JJ, Givnish TJ, Strickler CA, Volin UC (2013) Holocene dynamics of the Florida Everglades with respect to climate, dustfall, and tropical storms. PNAS 110(43):17211–17216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gleason PJ, Brooks HK, Cohen AD, Goodrick R, Smith WG, Spackman W, Stone P (1984) The environmental significance of Holocene sediments from the Everglades and saline tidal plain. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleason PJ, Stone P (1994) Age, origin, and landscape evolution of the Everglades peatland. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey MC, Catton T (2011) River of interests: water management in South Florida and the Everglades, 1948–2010. Historical Research Associates, Inc., under contract to the USACE (for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodrick RL (1984) The wet prairies of the northern Everglades. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami. (also in 1974 edition)

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf MT, Schwadron M, Stone PA, Ross M, Chmura GL (2008) An enigmatic carbonate layer in Everglades tree island peats. Eos 89(12):117–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunwald M (2006) The swamp: the Everglades, Florida, and the politics of paradise. Simon & Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson LH (1994) Vegetation of the Everglades: determinants of community composition. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Harshberger JW (1913) Phytogeographic map of South Florida. Hand drawn, 24 × 26 inches, 1:500,000. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JW, Wetzel PR, Lodge TE, Engle VC, Ross MS (2017) Role of a naturally varying flow regime in Everglades vegetation. Restor Ecol 25:S27–S38. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heisler LD, Towles T, Brandt LA, Pace RT (2002) Tree island vegetation and water management in the central Everglades. In: Sklar FH, van der Valk A (eds) Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry JA, Portier KM, Coyne J (1994) The climate and weather of Florida. Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogarth PJ (2015) The biology of mangroves and seagrasses, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ives LJC (1856) Military map of the Peninsula of Florida South of Tampa Bay. U.S. War Department, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby RR, Hobbs CH, Mehta AJ (1989) Fine sediment regime of Lake Okeechobee, Florida. A study funded by the SFWMD as part of a Lake Okeechobee phosphorus dynamics study. Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen LG, Harvey JW (2010) How vegetation and sediment transport feedbacks drive landscape change in the Everglades and wetlands worldwide. Am Nat 176(3):E66–E79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen LG, Harvey JW (2011) Modeling of hydroecological feedbacks predicts distinct classes of landscape pattern, process, and restoration potential in shallow aquatic systems. Geomorphology 126:279–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light SS, Dineen JW (1994) Water control in the Everglades: a historical perspective. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodge TE (2017) The Everglades handbook: understanding the ecosystem, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Long RW (1984) Origin of the vascular flora of Southern Florida. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami. (also in 1974 edition)

    Google Scholar 

  • Loveless CM (1959) A study of the vegetation in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 40(1):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCally D (1999) The Everglades: an environmental history. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson BF (1984) The big cypress swamp. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami. (also in 1974 edition)

    Google Scholar 

  • McVoy, C.W., Said, W.P., Obeysekera, J., Vanarman, J.A., Dreschel, T.W. (2011). Landscapes and hydrology of the predrainage Everglades. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Missimer TM (1984) The geology of South Florida: a summary. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami. (also in 1974 edition)

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (2016) Progress toward restoring the Everglades: the sixth biennial review – 2016. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson G (2011) The trees of Florida: a reference and field guide, 2nd edn. Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota

    Google Scholar 

  • Noe GB, Childers DL (2007) Phosphorus budgets in Everglades wetland ecosystems: the effects of hydrology and nutrient enrichment. Wetl Ecol Manag 15:189–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odum WE, McIvor CC (1990) Mangroves. In: Myers RL, Ewel JJ (eds) Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden JC (1994) A comparison of wading bird nesting colony dynamics (1931–1946 and 1974–1989) as an indication of ecosystem conditions in the Southern Everglades. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Hare NK, Dalrymple GH (1997) Wildlife in southern Everglades wetlands invaded by melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Bull Fla Mus Nat Hist 41(1):1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmsted I, Loope LL (1984) Plant communities of Everglades National Park. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians GH, Bean M, Lande R, Loftin K, Pimm S, Turner RE, Weller M (1992) Report of the advisory panel on the Everglades and endangered species, Audubon conservation report no. 8. National Audubon Society, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer M, Mazzotti FJ (2004) Structure of Everglades alligator holes. Wetlands 24(1):115–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker G (1984) Hydrology of the pre-drainage system of the Everglades in southern Florida. In: Gleason PJ (ed) Environments of South Florida: present and past II. Miami Geological Society, Miami

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker GG, Ferguson GE, Love SK, and others (1955) Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and groundwater of the Miami area. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1255, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Petuch EJ, Roberts CE (2007) The geology of the Everglades and adjacent areas. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pimm SL, Lockwood JL, Jenkins CN, Curnutt JL, Nott MP, Powell RD, Bass OL Jr (2002) Sparrow in the grass: a report on the first ten years of research on the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis). Report under cooperative agreements CA5280-7-9016 (to the Univ. of Tennessee, Principal Investigator S.L. Pimm) and CA5280-0-0010 (to the University of California at Santa Cruz, Principal Investigator J.L. Lockwood)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomaea Project, Inc. (2013) Literature review of Florida apple snails and snail kites, and recommendations for their adaptive management. Final report. Submitted to National Park Service, Everglades National Park, by The Pomacea Project, Inc., Pensacola, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  • Rader RB (1994) Macroinvertebrates of the northern Everglades: species composition and trophic structure. Fla Sci 57(1,2):22–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson CJ (2008) The Everglades experiments: lessons for ecosystem restoration. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Said WP, Brown MC (2013) Hydrologic simulation of the predrainage greater Everglades using the natural system regional simulation model v3.5.2. South Florida Water Management District, Water Resources Division, Water Supply Bureau, Hydrologic and Environmental Systems Modeling Section, West Palm Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheidt DJ, Kalla PI (2007) Everglades ecosystem assessment: water management and quality, eutrophication, mercury contamination, soils and habitat: monitoring for adaptive management: a R-EMAP status report. USEPA Region 4, Athens, GA. EPA 904-R-07-001

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz DC, Simberloff D, Hofstetter RH, Haller W, Sutton D (1997) The ecological impact of nonindigenous plants. In: Simberloff D, Schmitz DC, Brown TC (eds) Strangers in paradise: impact and management of nonindigenous species in Florida. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • SFWMD (2008) South Florida environmental report, executive summary. South Florida Water Management District, W. Palm Beach, pp 24–25

    Google Scholar 

  • SFWMD (2016) South Florida environmental report. South Florida Water Management District, W. Palm Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Sklar, F.H., van der Valk, A. (eds.) (2002). Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TR, Bass OL Jr (1994) Landscape, white-tailed deer, and the distribution of Florida panthers in the Everglades. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinman AD, Havens KE, Carrick HJ, VanZee R (2002) The past, present, and future hydrology and ecology of Lake Okeechobee and its watersheds. In: Porter JW, Porter KG (eds) The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: an ecosystem source book. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson PB (2001) The biology of trees native to tropical Florida, 2nd edn. Harvard Printing and Publications Services, Allston

    Google Scholar 

  • Troxler TG, Coronado-Molina C, Rondeau DN, Krupa S, Newman S, Manna M, Rice RM, Sklar FH (2014) Interactions of local climatic, biotic and hydrogeochemical processes facilitate phosphorus dynamics along an Everglades forest-marsh gradient. Biogeosciences 11:899–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USACE (2014) Final integrated project implementation report and environmental impact statement, Central Everglades Planning Project (CEPP). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District

    Google Scholar 

  • USACE (2016) Western Everglades restoration project at: www.saj.usace.army.mil/Missions/Environmental/Ecosustem-Restoration/Western-Everglades-Restoration-Project/

  • USACE and SFWMD (1999) Central and Southern Florida project comprehensive review study final integrated feasibility report and programmatic environmental impact statement. Final report, appendices, and ATLSS

    Google Scholar 

  • USFWS (1999) South Florida multi-species recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • USFWS (2012) Endangered and Threatened wildlife and plants; Reclassification of the continental U.S. breeding population of the Wood Stork from Endangered to Threatened. Fed Regist 77(247):75947–75966

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Senate (1911) Everglades of Florida: acts, reports, and other papers, state and national, relating to the Everglades of the State of Florida and their reclamation. 62nd Congress, 1st session, Senate document no. 89. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Notes: (1) This document was reprinted verbatim (undated, about 1998) as South Florida in Peril: a study in bureaucratic self-deception by Florida Classics Library, Port Salerno, Florida (ISBN 0-912451-43-2); and (2) This document contains the “Report of Buckingham Smith, ESQ, on his Reconnoissance[sic] of the Everglades (1848)” with appendix, pp 46–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Vignoles C (1823) Observations upon the Floridas. Reproduction of the 1823 edition with prefatory material, introduction, and index added (1977 copyright). Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series. The University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, 1977. A legible fold-out copy of Vignoles’ 1823 map is included

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanless HR, Parkinson RW, Tedesco LP (1994) Sea level control on stability of Everglades wetlands. In: Davis SM, Ogden JC (eds) Everglades: the ecosystem and its restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel PR, Sklar FH, Coronado-Molina CA, Troxler TG, Krupa SL, Sullivan PL, Ewe S, Price RM, Newman S, Orem WH (2011) Biogeochemical processes on tree islands in the greater Everglades: initiating a new paradigm. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 41(S1):670–701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel PR, Sah JP, Ross MS (2017) Tree islands: the bellwether of Everglades ecosystem function and restoration success. Restor Ecol 25:S71-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willard DA, Holmes CW, Korvela MS, Manson D, Murray JB, Orem WH, Towles DT (2002) Paleoecological insights on fixed tree island development in the Florida Everglades: I. environmental controls. In: Sklar FH, van der Valk A (eds) Tree islands of the Everglades. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Willard D, Bernhardt CE, Holmes CW, Landacre B, Marot M (2006) Response of Everglades tree islands to environmental change. Ecol Monogr 76(4):565–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willard D, Bernhardt CE (2011) Impacts of past climate and sea level change on Everglades wetlands: placing a century of anthropogenic change into a late-Holocene context. Clim Chang 107:59–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winsberg MD (2003) Florida weather, 2nd edn. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF, Frank AR, Essig FB (2016) Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S.M. Landry and K.N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Consulting Ecologist, Asheville, NC, USA

    Thomas E. Lodge

Authors
  1. Thomas E. Lodge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Aqua Lux Lucis, Inc, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Curtis D. Pollman

  2. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA

    Darren G. Rumbold

  3. College of Pharmacy, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Donald M. Axelrad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lodge, T.E. (2019). Overview of the Everglades. In: D. Pollman, C., Rumbold, D., Axelrad, D. (eds) Mercury and the Everglades. A Synthesis and Model for Complex Ecosystem Restoration . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20070-1_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation