Abstract
The sol to gel transition in a bulk gel is a macroscopic event which can be followed using different analytical methods, and even if an accurate determination of the gelation time is always a difficult task, it is possible to obtain reliable measures especially by a combination of several techniques. The liquid phase of the gel remains, even after gelation, a peculiar chemical environment with a specific microviscosity. This evolves with drying, while diffusion inside the pores is always possible. The methods used to probe this microenvironment and sol-gel transition in thin films are the subject of this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dunn B, Zink JI (1997) Probes of Pore Environment and Molecule-Matrix Interactions in Sol-Gel Materials. Chem Mater 9:2280–2291
Dunn BS, Zink JI (2007) Molecules in Glass: Probes, Ordered Assemblies, and Functional Materials. Acc Chem Res 40:747–755
Keeling-Tucker T, Brennan JD (2001) Fluorescent Probes as Reporters on the Local Structure and Dynamics in Sol−Gel-Derived Nanocomposite Materials. Chem Mater 13:3331–3350
Dunn B, Zink JI (1991) Optical Properties of Sol-Gel Glasses doped with Organic Molecules. J Mater Chem 1:903–913
Audebert P, Griesmar P, Sanchez C (1991) Electrochemical Probing of the Sol-Gel-Xerogel Evolution. J Mater Chem 1:699–700
Audebert P, Griesmar P, Hapiot P, Sanchez C (1992) Sol-Gel-Xerogel Evolution investigated by Electroactive Probes in Silica and Transition-metal Oxide Based Gels. J Mater Chem 2:1293–1300
Narang U, Wang R, Prasad PN (1994) Bright FV, Effects of Aging on the Dynamics of Rhodamine 6G in Tetramethyl Orthosilicate-Derived Sol-Gels. J Phys Chem 98:17–22
Gits-Leon S, LeFaucheux F, Robert MC (1987) Mass transport by diffusion in a tetramethoxysilane gel. J Cryst Growth 84:155–162
Avnir D, Levy D, Reisfeld R (1984) The Nature of the Silica Cage as Reflected by Spectral Changes and Enhanced Photostability of Trapped Rhodamine 6G. J Phys Chem 88:5956–5959
McKieman JM, Yamanaka SA, Knobbe ET, Pouxviel JC, Parveneh S, Dunn B, Zink JI (1991) Luminescence and Laser Action of Coumarin Dyes Doped in Silicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses Prepared by the Sol-Gel Technique. J Inorg Organomet Polym 1:87–103
Xue M, Zink JI (2014) Probing the Microenvironment in the Confined Pores of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 5:839–842
Kaufman OVR, Avnir D (1986) Structural Changes along the Sol-Gel-Xerogel Transition in Silica as Probed by Pyrene Excited-State Emission. Langmuir 2:717–722
Hungerford G, Allison A, McLoskey D, Kuimova MK, Yahioglu G, Suhling K (2009) Monitoring Sol-to-Gel Transitions via Fluorescence Lifetime Determination Using Viscosity Sensitive Fluorescent Probes. J Phys Chem B 113:12067–12074
Hungerford G, Rei A, Ferreira MIC, Allison A, McLoskey D (2009) Application of fluorescence techniques to characterize the preparation of protein containing sol-gel derived hosts for use as catalytic media. Prog React Kin Mech 34:289–327
Huang MH, Dunn BS, Zink JI (2000) In Situ Luminescence Probing of the Chemical and Structural Changes During Formation of Dip-Coated Lamellar Phase Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Sol–Gel Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 122:3739–3745
McKiernan J, Pouxvie J-C, Dunn B, Zink JI (1989) Rigidochromism as a Probe of Gelation and Densification of Silicon and Mixed Aluminum-Silicon Alkoxides. J Phys Chem 93:2129–2133
Faustini M, Boissière C, Nicole L, Grosso D (2014) From Chemical Solutions to Inorganic Nanostructured Materials: A Journey into Evaporation-Driven Processes. Chem Mater 26:709–723
Nishida F, McKiernan JM, Dunn B, Zink JI (1995) In Situ Fluorescence Probing of the Chemical Changes during Sol–Gel Thin Film Formation. J Am Ceram Soc 78:1640–1648
Innocenzi P, Malfatti L, Carboni D, Takahashi M (2015) Sol-to-Gel Transition in Fast Evaporating Systems Observed by in Situ Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. ChemPhysChem 16:1933–1939
Franville AC, Dunn B, Zink JI (2001) Molecular Motion and Environmental Rigidity in the Framework and Ionic Interface Regions of Mesostructured Silica Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 105:10335–10339
Innocenzi P, Malfatti L, Costacurta S, Kidchob T, Piccinini M, Marcelli A (2008) Evaporation of ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 112:6512–6516
Innocenzi P, Malfatti L, Piccinini M, Marcelli A, Grosso D (2009) Water evaporation studied by in situ time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Chem A 113:2745–2749
Innocenzi P, Malfatti L, Piccinini M, Sali D, Schade U, Marcelli A (2009) Application of Terahertz Spectroscopy to Time-Dependent Chemical-Physical Phenomena. J Phys Chem A 113:9418–9423
Innocenzi P, Kidchob T, Bertolo JM, Piccinini M, Guidi MC, Marcelli A (2006) Infrared Spectroscopy as an In-Situ Tool to Study the Kinetics of Processes Involved in Self-assembly of Mesostructured Films. J Phys Chem B 110:10837–10841
Falcaro P, Costacurta S, Mattei G, Amenitsch H, Marcelli A, Guidi MC, Piccinini M, Nucara A, Malfatti L, Kidchob T, Innocenzi P (2005) Highly ordered ‘defect-free’ self-assembled hybrid films with a tetragonal mesostructure. J Am Chem Soc 127:3838–3846
De Paz-Simon H, Chemtob A, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Rigolet S, Michelin L, Vidal L, Lebeau B (2013) Block Copolymer Self-Assembly in Mesostructured Silica Films Revealed by Real-Time FTIR and Solid-State NMR. Langmuir 29:1963–1969
De Paz-Simon H, Chemtob A, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Le Nouen D, Rigolet S (2012) Insights into photoinduced sol–gel polymerization: an in situ infrared spectroscopy study. J Phys Chem B 116:5260–5268
Innocenzi P, Figus C, Takahashi M, Piccinini M, Malfatti L (2011) Structural Evolution during Evaporation of a 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane Film Studied in Situ by Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 115:10438–10444
Innocenzi P, Malfatti L, Piccinini M, Marcelli A (2010) Evaporation-Induced Crystallization of Pluronic F127 Studied in Situ by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 114:304–308
De Paz-Simon H, Chemtob A, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Rigolet S, Michelin L, Vidal L, Lebeau B (2013) Block copolymer self-assembly in mesostructured silica films revealed by real-time FTIR and solid-state NMR. Langmuir 29:1963–1969
Innocenzi P, Malfatti L, Kidchob T, Costacurta S, Falcaro P, Piccinini M, Marcelli A, Morini P, Sali D, Amenitsch H (2007) Time-Resolved Simultaneous Detection of Structural and Chemical Changes during Self-Assembly of Mesostructured Films. J Phys Chem C 111:5345–5350
Rubio F, Rubio J, Oteo JL (1998) A FTIR study of the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). Spectrosc Lett 31:199–219
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Innocenzi, P. (2019). Probing the Sol to Gel Transition in the Gel Structure. In: The Sol-to-Gel Transition. SpringerBriefs in Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20030-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20030-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20029-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20030-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)