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Introduction: Disaster Displacement

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The UNHCR and Disaster Displacement in the 21st Century

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Abstract

Climate change, hazards, and environmental changes in general constitute just one trigger for migration and displacement among other social, economic, political, and other factors. However, the prospect of a potential future in which whole stretches of land would become uninhabitable and where millions of people would lose their livelihoods due to environmental factors is especially daunting, because the culprits of migration and displacement are not as black-and-white and are harder to identify than in a war and conflict scenario. This chapter shows that forecasting in the context of environmental changes and the possible human mobility that comes along with it is particularly challenging. The research interest of this chapter concerns the role of IOs in the rise of the topic as well as the underlying goals that IOs might attach to picking up the topic of environmentally displaced persons (EDPs). For this reason, this chapter will, firstly, introduce the topic of disaster displacement; secondly, outline the empirical puzzle that this thesis will focus on; and thirdly, illustrate the approach of the research project. Lastly, this introductory chapter will discuss the empirical and theoretical contributions of this thesis.

It cannot be contested that climate change will be a significant influence on migration, both internal and international, in the later decades of the twenty-first century.

(Hugo 2010, p. 9)

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the context of EDPs, adaptation means “designing and implementing measures to help communities affected […] to modify the ways they work and live to be able to cope with new environmental conditions” (Castles 2010, p. 240).

  2. 2.

    People are only able to overcome the financial, information and legal barriers of migration if members of their family or community have already established a support network at the new location (Barnett and Webber 2010, p. 42).

  3. 3.

    For more information, see Black et al. (2011a) and Warner et al. (2010).

  4. 4.

    Compare the IOM and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (Chazelnoel and Ionesco 2018).

  5. 5.

    For an overview of the research on the UNHCR, see Sects. 3.3.2 and 5.1 of this thesis, or Goodwin-Gill and McAdam (2017); Hall et al. (2015); Hammerstad (2014); Loescher and Milner (2011).

  6. 6.

    With respect to institutions and regimes, this thesis sees these as “abstract sets of principles, norms, rules, and procedures that do not possess a material entity of their own” (Biermann et al. 2009b, p. 39).

  7. 7.

    Following Nölke, transnational networks are relevant in situations where the interests among the actors are homogeneous and where there is little institutionalization in the national arena (Nölke 2000, p. 335). Other prominent representatives that can be subsumed under the umbrella term ‘transnational network research’ are Haas’ (1990, p. 58) ‘epistemic community’ approach and Tallberg’s et al. (2013) research on the relationship between IOs and transnational actors.

  8. 8.

    For a historic overview of reform processes in public administration, see Mehde (2007).

  9. 9.

    For more on the Human Security concept, see Sect. 2.1.3.

  10. 10.

    The thesis uses the term ‘research on IOs’ for research on international organizations and the term ‘organizational research’ for research on organizational theories.

  11. 11.

    The choice of state representatives in Geneva is intended to include representatives from both developed and developing countries. In other words, the intention was also to talk to representatives from those countries that experience migration and displacement due to environmental factors. The experts from developed countries were chosen because of their respective country’s involvement in the matter of environmental migration and displacement.

  12. 12.

    The reason for there being so few commonly accepted predictions on the probable number of EDPs stems from the lack of definitions of the terms ‘environmental/climate change migration’ and ‘environmental/climate change refugee’ (Warner 2010, p. 403) up until the launch of the Nansen Initiative in 2012.

  13. 13.

    More specifically, the aim should be to relate the planned project to the already existing literature on the topic and to put a research project in the context of previous scientific literature on the topic (King et al. 1994, p. 16). A scholar can give theoretical relevance if he or she: (1) empirically tests previously untested theoretical hypotheses; (2) uncovers inconsistencies in a theory; (3) identifies empirical cases which cannot be explained by the existing theories; or (4) formulates alternative explanations for an empirical observation (Lehnert et al. 2007, p. 43).

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  1. Department of History and Social Sciences, Institute of Political Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

    Sinja Hantscher

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  1. Sinja Hantscher
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Hantscher, S. (2019). Introduction: Disaster Displacement. In: The UNHCR and Disaster Displacement in the 21st Century. Contributions to Political Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19689-9_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19689-9_1

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