Skip to main content

The Civil Ideal of the News and Political and Commercial Reality

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Civil Power of the News
  • 180 Accesses

Abstract

In the everyday reality of the newsroom, the civil ideal is challenged by political and commercial power which diminishes the civil standing of the news’ audiences by conceiving of them as either partisans from whom is demanded their loyalty, or as consumers from whom is demanded their undivided attention and commercial support. News itself can be characterised by what is left out in its reporting, what is excluded, what is omitted and what views and outlooks remain unchallenged. In this way, politically and commercially inspired anti-civil values seek to undermine the civil ideal of news. Its survival depends on the editorial integrity of the newsroom culture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Alexander, J. (2008). Civil Sphere, State, and Citizenship: Replying to Turner and the Fear of Enclavement. Citizenship Studies, 12(2), 185–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. (2011). Performance and Power. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. (2012). The Performance of Politics: Obama’s Victory and the Democratic Struggle for Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. (2016). Introduction: Journalism, Democratic Culture, and Creative Reconstruction. In J. Alexander, E. Butler-Breese, & M. Luengo (Eds.), The Crisis of Journalism Reconsidered: Democratic Culture, Professional Codes, Digital Future (pp. 1–28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J., & Jaworsky, B. (2014). Obama Power. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J., Butler-Breese, E., & Luengo, M. (Eds.). (2016). The Crisis of Journalism Reconsidered: Democratic Culture, Professional Codes, Digital Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (1962). Two Faces of Power. The American Political Science Review, 56(4), 947–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (1963). Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework. The American Political Science Review, 57(3), 632–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, T. (2018). Ctrl Alt Delete: How Politics and the Media Crashed Our Democracy. London: Hurst and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J. (2017). Post-truth: How Bullshit Conquered the World. London: Biteback Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. (2013). Exploring the Impact of an Evolving War and Terror Blogosphere on Traditional Media Coverage of Conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 6(1), 37–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaagaard, B. (2013). Shifting Boundaries: Objectivity, Citizen Journalism and Tomorrow’s Journalists. Journalism, 14(8), 1076–1090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (2001). The New Media and Our Political Communication Discontents: Democratizing Cyberspace. Information, Communication & Society, 4(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borger, M., et al. (2013). Constructing Participatory Journalism as a Scholarly Object: A Genealogical Analysis. Digital Journalism, 1(1), 117–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1996). On Television and Journalism. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyles, J. L., & Meyer, E. (2016). Letting the Data Speak. Digital Journalism, 4(7), 944–954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, D., & Rabin-Havt, A. (2012). The Fox Effect: How Roger Ailes Turned a Network into a Propaganda Machine. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, D. (1998). Media Education in the UK: Moving Beyond Protectionism. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canter, L. (2013). The Source, the Resource and the Collaborator: The Role of Citizen Journalism in Local UK Newspapers. Journalism, 14(8), 1091–1109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. (2015). The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. (2017, May 18). Roger Ailes Obituary. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M., & Lewis, S. C. (Eds.). (2015). Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coddington, M. (2015). Clarifying Journalism’s Quantitative Turn: A Typology for Evaluating Data Journalism, Computational Journalism, and Computer-Assisted Reporting. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 331–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, S. (2005). New Mediation and Direct Representation: Reconceptualizing Representation in the Digital Age. New Media & Society, 7(2), 177–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corner, J. (2013). Theorising Media: Power, Form and Subjectivity. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Couldry, N. (2010). Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics After Neoliberalism. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J. P., & Seaton, J. (2009). Power Without Responsibility. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J., Iyengar, S., Lund, A. B., & Salovaara-Moring, I. (2009). Media System, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study. European Journal of Communication, 24(1), 5–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1957). The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1958). A Critique of the Ruling Elite Model. The American Political Science Review, 52(2), 463–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, P. (2009). Media and Political Engagement: Citizens, Communication, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, K. H., & Crawford, E. (2013). Legal Avenues for Ending Impunity for the Death of Journalists in Conflict Zones: Current and Proposed International Agreements. International Journal of Communication, 7(1), 2157–2177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, N. (2009). Flat Earth News: An Award-Winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media. London: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Keyser, J., & Raeymaeckers, K. (2012). The Printed Rise of the Common Man: How Web 2.0 Has Changed the Representation of Ordinary People in Newspapers. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 825–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimmick, J., Feaster, J., & Hoplamazian, G. (2011). News in the Interstices: The Niches of Mobile Media in Space and Time. New Media & Society, 13(1), 23–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, D., et al. (2008). Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond: An International Comparative Study of Initiatives in Online Newspapers. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 326–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowell, B. (2012, April 25). Rupert Murdoch: ‘Sun wot won it’ Headline Was Tasteless and Wrong. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleton, T. (2016). Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, M. (1985). The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, M. (1988). Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entman, R. (2010). Media Framing Biases and Political Power: Explaining Slant in News of Campaign 2008. Journalism, 11(4), 389–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, K., & Anderson, C. W. (2014). Data Journalism in the United States. Beyond the “Usual Suspects”: Journalism Studies, 16(4), 467–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foer, F. (2017, September 19). How Technology Is Making Our Minds Redundant. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, B. (2004). Packaging Politics: Political Communications in Britain’s Media Democracy. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gálik, M. (2010). Regulating Media Concentration Within the Council of Europe and the European Union. In B. Klimkiewicz (Ed.), Media Freedom and Pluralism: Media Policy Challenges in the Enlarged Europe (pp. 229–244). Budapest: Central European University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garton-Ash, T. (2016). Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World. Yale: Yale University Press; London: Atlantic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghersetti, M. (2014). Still the Same? Comparing News Content in Online and Print Media. Journalism Practice, 8(4), 373–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, T. F. (1983). Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists. American Sociological Review, 48(6), 781–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. (2017). Devil’s Bargain: Steve Bannon, Donald Trump and the Storming of the Presidency. London: Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, B., & Harrison, J. (1998). Violence on Television: An Analysis of Amount, Nature, Location and Origin of Violence in British Programmes. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, L. (2017). WeChat as a Semipublic Alternative Sphere: Exploring the Use of WeChat Among Chinese Older Adults. International Journal of Communication, 11, 408–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (2014). The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gynnild, A. (2014). Journalism Innovation Leads to Innovation Journalism: The Impact of Computational Exploration on Changing Mindsets. Journalism, 15(6), 713–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1973 [2006]). Encoding/Decoding. In M. G. Durham & D. M. Kellner (Eds.), Media and Cultural Studies: KeyWorks (2nd ed., pp: 163–173). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J. T. (2006). All the News That’s Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, E. (2017, January 24). Deteriorating Trust in Government. Centre for Public Security. https://www.cfps.org.uk/trust-in-government/.

  • Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing Journalism Culture: Towards a Universal Theory. Communication Theory, 17(4), 367–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hapgood, F. (1995, January 11). The Media Lab at 10. Wired. https://www.wired.com/1995/11/media/.

  • Harcup, T. (2003). ‘The Unspoken—Said’: The Journalism of Alternative Media. Journalism, 4(3), 356–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harcup, T. (2011a). Alternative Journalism as Active Citizenship. Journalism, 12(1), 15–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harcup, T. (2011b). Questioning the ‘Bleeding Obvious’: What’s the Point of Researching Journalism? Journalism, 13(1), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harcup, T. (2014). “News with a Kick”: A Model of Oppositional Reporting. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(4), 559–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. (2013, December 12). Time to Step Up: The EU and Freedom of Expression. Index on Censorship. https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2013/12/eureport/.

  • Harrison, J. (2008). Exploring News Values: The Ideal and the Real. In J. Chapman & M. Kinsey (Eds.), Broadcast Journalism: A Critical Introduction (pp. 60–68). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. (2010). User-Generated Content and Gatekeeping at the BBC Hub. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 243–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison J. (2018, November 7). UNESCO Chair Inaugural Lecture: Diminishment and Resistance—The Civil and Anti-civil Power of News and News Journalism. https://www.unesco.org.uk/news/diminishment-and-resistance-the-civil-and-anti-civil-power-of-news-and-news-journalism-2/.

  • Harrison, J. (2019). Public Service Journalism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.867.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J., & Pukallus, S. (2018). The Politics of Impunity: A Study of Journalists’ Experiential Accounts of Impunity in Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Mexico and Pakistan. Journalism, Published online, pp. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J., & Woods, L. (2007). European Broadcasting Law and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmer, N. (2016). Messengers of the Right: Conservative Media and the Transformation of American Politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hermida, A. (2015). Nothing But the Truth: Redrafting the Journalistic Boundary of Verification. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation (pp. 37–50). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsley, W., & Harrison, J. (2013). Censorship by Bullet. British Journalism Review, 24(1), 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, M., & Stanier, J. (1997). War and the Media: A Random Searchlight. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D., & Thorsen, E. (Eds.). (2015). UK Election Analysis 2015: Media, Voters, and the Campaign. Report, PSA and CSJCC. https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page-files/UK%20Election%20Analysis%202015%20-%20Jackson%20and%20Thorsen%20v1.pdf.

  • Jacobs, R. N. (2009). Culture, the Public Sphere, and Media Sociology: A Search for a Classical Founder in the Work of Robert Park. The American Sociologist, 40(3), 149–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johal, S., Moran, M., & Williams, K. (2014). Power, Politics and the City of London After the Great Financial Crisis. Government and Opposition, 49(3), 400–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson, A. M., & Örnebring, H. (2011). User-Generated Content and the News: Empowerment of Citizens or Interactive Illusion?. Journalism Practice, 5(2), 127–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakutani, M. (2018). The Death of Truth. London: William Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen, J., & Stavelin, E. (2014). Computational Journalism in Norwegian Newsrooms. Journalism Practice, 8(1), 34–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katovsky, B., & Carlson, T. (2003). Embedded: The Media at War in Iraq—An Oral History. Guilford, CN: Lyons Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleemans, M., Schaap, G., & Hermans, L. (2017). Citizen Sources in the News: Above and Beyond the Vox Pop? Journalism, 18(4), 464–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knightley, P. (2004). The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S. (2017, October 2). Facebook and Google Promote Politicized Fake News About Las Vegas Shooter. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A. (2007). Freedom for the Thought We Hate. New York: Basic books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S. C. (2012). The Tension Between Professional Control and Open Participation: Journalism and Its Boundaries. Information, Communication & Society, 15(6), 836–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lisosky, J. M., & Henrichsen, J. (2009). Don’t Shoot the Messenger: Prospects for Protecting Journalists in Conflict Situations. Media, War & Conflict, 2(2), 129–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, S. (1996). On the Continuing Problems of Media Effects Research. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass Media and Society (2nd ed., pp. 305–324). London, UK: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luce, E. (2017). The Retreat of Western Liberalism. London: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (2005a). Power: A Radical View. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (2005b). Power and Battle for Hearts and Minds. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), 477–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J. (2008). Debates in Peace Journalism. Sydney: Sydney University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McManus, J. H. (1994). Market-Driven Journalism: Let the Citizens Beware?. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, P., & Schoeffl, J. (Eds.). (2003). Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov, E. (2017, September 3). Silicon Valley Has Been Humbled: But Its Schemes Are as Dangerous as Ever. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mounk, Y. (2018). The People vs Democracy. Cambridge: University of Harvard Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. W. (2016). What Is Populism?. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Örnebring, H. (2013). Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better? Professional Journalists on Citizen Journalism in Six European Countries. International Communication Gazette, 75(1), 35–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantti, M., & Bakker, P. (2009). Beyond News: User-Generated Content on Dutch Media Websites. Proceedings of the Future of Journalism Congress. Cardiff, Wales: Cardiff University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pariser, E. (2012). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. London: Penguin Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. (1941). News and the Paper of the Press. American Journal of Sociology, 45, 669–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, C. (2014). War Reporters Under Threat: The United States and Media Freedom. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, C., & Kim, J. J. (2004). Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in Historical Context. Pittsburgh: RAND Cooperation, National Security Research Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulussen, S., & Ugille, P. (2008). User Generated Content in the Newsroom: Professional and Organisational Constraints on Participatory Journalism. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 5(2), 24–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center. (2017, December 14). Public Trust in Government: 1958–2017. http://www.people-press.org/2017/12/14/public-trust-in-government-1958-2017/.

  • Postman, N. (1996). Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pukallus, S., & Harrison, J. (2015a, March). Journalists Die: Who Cares. British Journalism Review, 26(1), 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pukallus, S., & Harrison, J. (2015b). If Media Freedom and Media Pluralism Are Fundamental Values in the EU Why Doesn’t the EU Do Anything to Ensure Its Application: The Non-use of Art. 7 TEU?. In A. Koltay (Ed.), Comparative Perspectives on the Fundamental Freedom of Expression (pp. 368–387). Budapest: Wolters Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revers, M. (2014). The Augmented Newsbeat: Spatial Structuring in a Twitterized News Ecosystem. Media, Culture and Society, 37(1), 3–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S. (2010). Traditionalists vs. Convergers: Textual Privilege, Boundary Work, and the Journalist—Audience Relationship in the Commenting Policies of Online News Sites. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 16(1), 125–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Runciman, D. (2008). Political Hypocrisy: The Mask of Power, from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusbridger, A. (2018). Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now. Edinburgh: Canongate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, P. (1987). Putting “Reality” Together: BBC News. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, C. (2007). Theory of the Partisan. New York: Telos Press Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schudson, M. (1995). The Power of News. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. (1973). The Structures of the Life-World. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, E. (2017, May 23). Trump Budget Cuts Social Security and Medicaid, Breaking Major Promises. Forbes. Available at: http://bit.ly/2u2PTkd.

  • Shklar, J. (1976). Freedom and Independence: A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shklar, J. (1984). Ordinary Vices. Harvard: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J., & Ashman, I. (2009). ‘Comment Is Free, But Facts Are Sacred’: Usergenerated Content and Ethical Constructs at the Guardian. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(1), 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, F. (2015, July). In Times of War, Pentagon Reserves Right to Treat Journalists Like Spies. Committee to Protect Journalists Blog. https://cpj.org/blog/2015/07/in-times-of-war-pentagon-reserves-right-to-treat-j.php.

  • Smyth, M. B. (2009). Subjectivities, ‘Subject Communities’, Governments, and the Ethics of Research on ‘Terrorism’. In R. Jackson, M. B. Smyth, & J. Gunning (Eds.), Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda (pp. 194–215). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solon, O. (2017, July 26). The Future of Fake News: Don’t Believe Everything You Read, See or Hear. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starkman, D. (2014). The Watchdog That Didn’t Bark: The Financial Crisis and the Disappearance of Investigative Journalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunstein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunstein, C. (2006). Infotopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunstein, C. (2007). Republic.Com 2.0. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunstein, C. (2009). Going to Extremes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Express. (2017, January). BBC News to Offer Audiences More In-depth Analysis Says Director-General.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. (1997). The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tumber, H., & Webster, F. (2006). Journalists Under Fire: Information War and Journalistic Practices. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaidhyanathan, S. (2018). Anti-social Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vehkoo, J. (2013). Crowdsourcing in Investigative Journalism, Report, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2015). Resisting Epistemologies of User-Generated Content? Cooptation, Segregation and the Boundaries of Journalism. In M. Carlson & S. C. Lewis (Eds.), Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices and Participation (pp. 169–185). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, J. (2012). The Harm in Hate Speech. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, M. (2015). Citizen Journalism: A Retrospective on What We Know, an Agenda for What We Don’t. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 797–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, M., & El Zahed, S. (2015). Syrian Citizen Journalism: A Pop-Up News Ecology in an Authoritarian Space. Digital Journalism, 3(5), 720–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1919). Politics as a Vocation. Available at: http://fs2.american.edu/dfagel/www/class%20readings/weber/politicsasavocation.pdf.

  • Westlund, O. (2013). Mobile News: A Review and Model of Journalism in an Age of Mobile Media. Digital Journalism, 1(1), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.740273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright Mills, C. (1956). The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jackie Harrison .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Harrison, J. (2019). The Civil Ideal of the News and Political and Commercial Reality. In: The Civil Power of the News. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19381-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics