Abstract
Given a proposed unconventional computing substrate, we can ask: Does it actually compute? If so, how well does it compute? Can it be made to compute better? Given a proposed unconventional computational model we can ask: How powerful is the model? Can it be implemented in a substrate? How faithfully or efficiently can it be implemented? Given complete freedom in the choice of model and substrate, we can ask: Can we co-design a model and substrate to work well together?
Here I propose an approach to posing and answering these questions, building on an existing definition of physical computing and framework for characterising the computing properties of given substrates.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adamatzky, A. (ed.): Game of Life Cellular Automata. Springer, London (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-217-9
Blakey, E.: Unconventional computers and unconventional complexity measures. In: Adamatzky, A. (ed.) Advances in Unconventional Computing. ECC, vol. 22, pp. 165–182. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33924-5_7
Broersma, H., Stepney, S., Wendin, G.: Computability and complexity of unconventional computing devices. In: Stepney, S., Rasmussen, S., Amos, M. (eds.) Computational Matter. NCS, pp. 185–229. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65826-1_11
Dale, M.: Neuroevolution of hierarchical reservoir computers. In: GECCO 2018, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 410–417. ACM (2018)
Dale, M., Dewhirst, J., O’Keefe, S., Sebald, A., Stepney, S., Trefzer, M.A.: The role of structure and complexity on reservoir computing quality. In: McQuillan, I., Seki, S. (eds.) UCNC 2019. LNCS, vol. 11493, pp. 52–64. Springer, Heidelberg (2019)
Dale, M., Miller, J.F., Stepney, S.: Reservoir computing as a model for In-Materio computing. In: Adamatzky, A. (ed.) Advances in Unconventional Computing. ECC, vol. 22, pp. 533–571. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33924-5_22
Dale, M., Miller, J.F., Stepney, S., Trefzer, M.A.: A substrate-independent framework to characterise reservoir computers. arXiv:1810.07135 (2018)
Dini, P., Nehaniv, C.L., Rothstein, E., Schreckling, D., Horváth, G.: BIOMICS: a theory of interaction computing. Computational Matter. NCS, pp. 249–268. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65826-1_13
Drossel, B.: Random boolean networks. In: Schuster, H.G. (ed.) Reviews of Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity, vol. 1. Wiley, Weinheim (2008)
Faulconbridge, A., Stepney, S., Miller, J.F., Caves, L.S.D.: RBN-World: a sub-symbolic artificial chemistry. In: Kampis, G., Karsai, I., Szathmáry, E. (eds.) ECAL 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5777, pp. 377–384. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21283-3_47
Faulkner, P., Krastev, M., Sebald, A., Stepney, S.: Sub-symbolic artificial chemistries. In: Stepney, S., Adamatzky, A. (eds.) Inspired by Nature. ECC, vol. 28, pp. 287–322. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67997-6_14
Giavitto, J.L., Michel, O.: MGS: a rule-based programming language for complex objects and collections. ENTCS 59(4), 286–304 (2001)
Gundersen, M.S.: Reservoir Computing using Quasi-Uniform Cellular Automata. Master’s thesis, NTNU, Norway (2017)
Horsman, C., Stepney, S., Wagner, R.C., Kendon, V.: When does a physical system compute? Proc. R. Soc. A 470(2169), 20140182 (2014)
Horsman, D., Kendon, V., Stepney, S.: Abstraction/representation theory and the natural science of computation. In: Cuffaro, M.E., Fletcher, S.C. (eds.) Physical Perspectives on Computation, Computational Perspectives on Physics, pp. 127–149. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2018)
Horsman, D., Stepney, S., Kendon, V.: The natural science of computation. Commun. ACM 60(8), 31–34 (2017)
Horsman, D.C.: Abstraction/representation theory for heterotic physical computing. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 20140224 (2015)
Jaeger, H.: The “echo state” approach to analysing and training recurrent neural networks - with an erratum note. GMD Report 148, German National Research Center for Information Technology (2010)
Kaneko, K.: Spatiotemporal intermittency in coupled map lattices. Progress Theoret. Phys. 74(5), 1033–1044 (1985)
Kauffman, S.A.: Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets. J. Theor. Biol. 22(3), 437–467 (1969)
Kauffman, S.A.: The Origins of Order. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1993)
Kendon, V., Sebald, A., Stepney, S.: Heterotic computing: past, present and future. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 20140225 (2015)
Kendon, V., Sebald, A., Stepney, S., Bechmann, M., Hines, P., Wagner, R.C.: Heterotic computing. In: Calude, C.S., Kari, J., Petre, I., Rozenberg, G. (eds.) UC 2011. LNCS, vol. 6714, pp. 113–124. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21341-0_16
Krastev, M., Sebald, A., Stepney, S.: Emergent bonding properties in the Spiky RBN AChem. In: ALife 2016, Cancun, Mexico, July 2016, pp. 600–607. MIT Press (2016)
Lehman, J., Stanley, K.O.: Exploiting open-endedness to solve problems through the search for novelty. In: ALIFE XI. pp. 329–336. MIT Press (2008)
Lehman, J., Stanley, K.O.: Efficiently evolving programs through the search for novelty. In: GECCO 2010, pp. 837–844. ACM (2010)
Lehman, J., Stanley, K.O.: Abandoning objectives: evolution through the search for novelty alone. Evol. Comput. 19(2), 189–223 (2011)
Nehaniv, C.L., Rhodes, J., Egri-Nagy, A., Dini, P., Morris, E.R., Horváth, G., Karimi, F., Schreckling, D., Schilstra, M.J.: Symmetry structure in discrete models of biochemical systems: natural subsystems and the weak control hierarchy in a new model of computation driven by interactions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 20140223 (2015)
Sinha, S., Biswas, D.: Adaptive dynamics on a chaotic lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 2010–2013 (1993)
Sinha, S., Ditto, W.L.: Dynamics based computation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(10), 2156–2159 (1998)
Sinha, S., Ditto, W.L.: Computing with distributed chaos. Phys. Rev. E 60(1), 363–377 (1999)
Sipper, M.: Quasi-uniform computation-universal cellular automata. In: Morán, F., Moreno, A., Merelo, J.J., Chacón, P. (eds.) ECAL 1995. LNCS, vol. 929, pp. 544–554. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59496-5_324
Spicher, A., Michel, O., Giavitto, J.-L.: A topological framework for the specification and the simulation of discrete dynamical systems. In: Sloot, P.M.A., Chopard, B., Hoekstra, A.G. (eds.) ACRI 2004. LNCS, vol. 3305, pp. 238–247. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30479-1_25
Stepney, S.: Nonclassical computation: a dynamical systems perspective. In: Rozenberg, G., Bäck, T., Kok, J.N. (eds.) Handbook of Natural Computing, vol. 4, pp. 1979–2025. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9_59
Stepney, S., Kendon, V.: The role of structure and complexity on reservoir computing quality. In: McQuillan, I., Seki, S. (eds.) UCNC 2019. LNCS, vol. 11493, pp. 52–64. Springer, Heidelberg (2019)
von Neumann, J.: Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (edited by A.W. Burks). University of Illinois Press, Urbana (1966)
Wolfram, S.: Statistical mechanics of cellular automata. Rev. Mod. Phys. 55(3), 601–644 (1983)
Wolfram, S.: Universality and complexity in cellular automata. Physica D 10(1), 1–35 (1984)
Acknowledgements
Thanks to my colleagues Matt Dale, Dom Horsman, Viv Kendon, Julian Miller, Simon O’Keefe, Angelika Sebald, and Martin Trefzer for illuminating discussions, and collaboration on the work that has led to these ideas.
This work is part-funded by the SpInspired project, UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/R032823/1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Stepney, S. (2019). Co-Designing the Computational Model and the Computing Substrate. In: McQuillan, I., Seki, S. (eds) Unconventional Computation and Natural Computation. UCNC 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11493. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19311-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19311-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-19310-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-19311-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)