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Handbook of Materials for Wind Musical Instruments pp 7–123Cite as

Organologic Description of Wind Instruments

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Abstract

In this chapter we discuss the structural elements of lip driven instruments—trombone, trumpet, horn, tuba, of reed driven instruments—clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon and of air jet driven instruments—flute, recorder, pipe organ. Reed driven instruments evolved over the centuries and have a very typical musical character. They have a common characteristic, the finger holes to change the pitch of the notes. The material used for their construction was mainly timber. An exception should be noted, the saxophone. Modern concert flute can be made of silver, gold or platinum. Organ pipes are made of wood and of a tin-lead metallic alloy. The evolution of wind musical instruments was determined by several factors among them the evolution of musical style, or by other factors such as economic, social, political and technological. In Europe, the patents related to the manufacturing of musical instruments and their evolution exist since the sixteenth century and continuously increased in number to the modern era. The reforms of the 1977 Patents Act radically changed the patent registration system, by the introduction of computer technology in the 1980s.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, VIC, Australia

    Voichita Bucur

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Correspondence to Voichita Bucur .

Appendices

Appendix 1

Standard musical frequencies in Hz—(data from Hartmann 2013)

Co

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

16.3

32.7

65.41

130.8

261.6

523

1046.5

2093

4186

Do

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

18.35

36.71

73.41

146.83

293.66

587.33

1174.65

2349.31

4698.63

Eo

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

E6

E7

E8

20.60

41.20

82.41

164.81

329.63

659.25

1318.51

2637.02

5274.04

Fo

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

21.82

43.65

87.31

174.61

349.23

698.46

1396.91

2793.82

5587.82

Go

G1

G2

G3

G4

G5

G6

G7

G8

24.40

48.99

97.99

195.99

391.99

783.99

1567.98

3135.96

6271.92

A o

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

27.50

55.00

110.00

220.00

440.00

880.00

1760

3520

7040

Bo

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

29.13

61.73

123.47

246.94

493.88

987.78

1975.53

3952.06

7902.13

Appendix 2

Some paragraphs from the translation in modern English of the text of the first patent for musical instruments, granted in 1583—patent roll ref. c66/1231 m. 22, 10th April 1583 (Batchelar 2001, pp. 19, 20).

Elisabeth by the grace of God

To all maiors, sheriffs bailiffs and constable and to all other our officers ministers and subjects to whom these presents shall come greetings. Whereas our well bellowed subject George Langone of our trumpeters to his grate pains and charges hither byn the first deviser and maker within the Realm of England of sakbutts and trumpets not heretofore made. We as well in consideracon thereof as for som other good causes especially moving of our great especially certen knowledge and mere motion have given and granted and bt thes p’sents for us our heires and successors do give and graunte to the said George Langdale free license and priviledge for the making of sackbuttes and trumpets so that he only by himself or by his xx deputie or deputies shall and may from henceforthe during the space and tearme of twenty years after the day of the date ….

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Bucur, V. (2019). Organologic Description of Wind Instruments. In: Handbook of Materials for Wind Musical Instruments . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19175-7_2

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