Abstract
The United Kingdom’s (UK’s) accession to the European Economic Community in 1973 forced New Zealand to rethink its international trading relationships, foreign policy, and national identity. However, the once considerable economic tension between New Zealand and the European Union (EU) has largely disappeared since the Uruguay Trade Round in 1994. Currently the EU is New Zealand’s third biggest trading partner, and an increasingly important political ally, while flows of migrants and tourists to and from Europe are substantial and mutually beneficial. However, the UK’s decision, as a result of a 2016 referendum, to leave the EU will make New Zealand’s political and trading relationships with the remaining 27 EU countries and the UK considerably more complex.
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Notes
- 1.
“Prime Minister Declares New Zealand’s Support for Britain,” New Zealand History, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/pm-declares-new-zealands-support-for-britain-in-famous-radio-broadcast.
- 2.
Neill (2008).
- 3.
Marshall (1989), pp. 66–69, 99–101.
- 4.
Macmillan (1973), p. 349.
- 5.
- 6.
Kelly (2010), pp. 212–226.
- 7.
Stats NZ (2017), p. 14.
- 8.
Brian Fallow, “New Zealand Must Show Benefits to Europe of Free Trade Deal, Says EU,” Dominion Post, 23 February 2010.
- 9.
“European Parliament Votes for Trade Deal with NZ,” Radio New Zealand, 28 October 2017, http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/342569/european-parliament-votes-for-trade-deal-with-nz.
- 10.
Sam Sachdeva, “Agriculture Fears No Block to EU-NZ FTA - European Official,” Newsroom, 31 October 2017, https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/10/31/57194/agriculture-fears-no-block-to-eu-nz-fta-european-official.
- 11.
Tom Pullar-Strecker, “‘Unrealistic’ to Expect EU to Ditch All Agricultural Tariffs, Business Body Warns,” Dominion Post, 23 May 2018.
- 12.
European Commission (2018).
- 13.
Kate Chapman and John Hartevelt, “Squeeze to be Put on Students to Repay Their Loans,” Dominion Post, 18 April 2011.
- 14.
“European Union,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed 4 February 2019, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/europe/european-union/.
- 15.
Thierry (2014).
- 16.
“European Union.”
- 17.
McCully (2017), p. 5.
- 18.
Todd McClay, “Climate Change Action Urged at Asia-Europe Foreign Ministers Meeting,” Government press release, 7 November 2015, https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/climate-change-action-urged-asia-europe-foreign-ministers-meeting.
- 19.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, “EU-NZ Partnership Agreement Signed,” media release, 6 October 2016, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/media-and-resources/news/eu-nz-partnership-agreement-signed.
- 20.
Audrey Young, “Key Reflects on First Year of Avoiding Dangers in Globetrotting Diplomacy,” New Zealand Herald, 2 November 2009.
- 21.
Kate Chapman, “New Zealand’s Stockholm Embassy to Close,” Dominion Post, 16 May 2012.
- 22.
Audrey Young, “Punching Above Our Weight in Europe,” Otago Daily Times, 21 April 2018.
- 23.
Media research conducted by the National Centre for Research on Europe.
- 24.
Grey (2016), pp. 830–831.
- 25.
Fuest (2017), p. 3.
- 26.
Armour (2017), p. 24.
- 27.
Ballingall (2016).
- 28.
Sam Sachdeva, “EU-NZ Tariff Spat Clouds FTA Progress,” Newsroom, 18 October 2017, https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/10/18/54281/eu-nz-tariff-spat-clouds-fta-progress.
- 29.
New Zealand Government, “New Zealand to Open New Embassy in Ireland,” press release, 24 March 2017, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1703/S00423/new-zealand-to-open-new-embassy-in-ireland.htm.
- 30.
Julian Lee, “‘Quintessential’ Irishman, President Michael D. Higgins, Pays His Respects to Christchurch Quake Victims,” Press, 26 October 2017.
- 31.
Sam Sachdeva, “Peters Unveils Billion-Dollar Foreign Affairs Boost,” Newsroom, 9 May 2018, https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2018/05/08/107927/peters-unveils-billion-dollar-foreign-affairs-boost.
- 32.
Karen E. Smith and Katie Laatikainen, “Without EU Clout, How Would the UK Fare at the United Nations?,” LSE Brexit (blog), 8 March 2016, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2016/03/08/without-eu-clout-how-would-the-uk-fare-at-the-united-nations/#comments.
- 33.
Larionova et al. (2016).
- 34.
Ashley Cowburn, “Brexiteers in Theresa May’s Cabinet are ‘Clueless’ about Economics, says Former Tory Treasury Minister,” Independent, 4 January 2018.
- 35.
Tim Wallace, “UK Hires Top New Zealand Trade Negotiator to Head Post-Brexit Deals,” Daily Telegraph, 16 June 2017.
- 36.
Goetschel (1998), p. 15.
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Gibbons, M., Kelly, S., Holland, M. (2019). Escaping the UK’s Shadow: New Zealand and the European Union. In: Brady, AM. (eds) Small States and the Changing Global Order. The World of Small States, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18803-0_11
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