Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lignin Conversion to Carbon Fibre

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainable Lignin for Carbon Fibers: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

Abstract

Recent investigations on lignin are aimed at developing high-value materials from its products. This study proliferates as a result of relative low cost, high abundance and renewable characteristics of the biopolymer. One of the major products affirmed to exhibit such added value compared to other lignin products is carbon fibre (CF), an important component of composite materials known for its wide range of tensile strengths and tensile modulus, corrosion resistance, good electrical and thermal conductivities and lightweight with a density between 1 and 3 g cm−3. Containing approximately 90 wt.% carbon, it is useful in aircraft brakes, military and commercial planes, lithium batteries, sporting goods, space structures and structural reinforcement in construction materials. The production of carbon materials from lignin is a difficult one as it is highly substituted with oxygen functional groups, which makes the material highly prone to crosslinking reactions for the formation of anisotropic carbons. Various steps, such as spinning of precursor fibres, stabilisation, carbonisation and sometimes graphitisation, surface treatment and sizing, have been employed in the production of CF from one of its major sources (pulp and paper industry). To further enhance the production and properties of CF from lignin, other industrial by-products such as brewery waste need to be investigated while alternative CF production techniques can be carried out.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. B. Kamm, M. Kamm, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64, 137–145 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. P. Langan, A.K. Naskar, F. Chen, M.J. Biddy, C.E. Wyman, P. Gilna, B.H. Davison, J.N. Saddler, R.A. Dixon, T.J. Tschaplinski, M.F. Davis, M. Keller, G.A. Tuskan, R. Chandra, G.T. Beckham, A.J. Ragauskas, Science 344, 1246843 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. L. Santarelli, M. Saxe, C. Gross, A. Surget, S. Dulawa, N. Weisstaub, J. Lee, R. Duman, O. Arancio, F. Battaglia, C. Beizung, R. Hen, Science 301, 805–809 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. L. Kitzing, C. Mitchell, P.E. Morthorst, Energy Policy 51, 192–201 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J.A. Melero, J. Iglesias, A. Garcia, Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 7393–7420 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. P.J. Dauenhauer, G.W. Huber, Green Chem. 16, 382 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. B.E. Dale, R.G. Ong, Biotechnol. Prog. 28, 893–898 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. P.C.A. Bruijnincx, B.M. Weckhuysen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 11980–11987 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J.M. Rosas, R. Berenguer, M.J. Valero-Romero, J. RodrÃguez-Mirasol, T. Cordero, Front. Mater. 1, 1–17 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Kleinert, T. Barth, Energy Fuels 22, 1371–1379 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. T. Werpy, G. Petersen, US Dep. Energy, 1–76 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. Yáñez-S, B. Matsuhiro, C. Nuñez, S. Pan, C.A. Hubbell, P. Sannigrahi, A.J. Ragauskas, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 110, 184–194 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A. Brandt, J. Gräsvik, J.P. Hallett, T. Welton, Green Chem. 15, 550–583 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Chen, in H. Chen (Ed.), Springer Dordrecht, 2014, pp. 25–71

    Google Scholar 

  15. P. Alvira, E. Tomás-Pejó, M. Ballesteros, M.J. Negro, Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4851–4861 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. N. Akhtar, K. Gupta, D. Goyal, A. Goyal, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 35, 489–511 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Recherche, Catal. Today 27, 195–202 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Sun, J. Cheng, Bioresour. Technol. 83, 1–11 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Li, G. Henriksson, G. Gellerstedt, Bioresour. Technol. 98, 3061–3068 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. P.N. Williamson, Pulp Pap. Can. 88, 47–49 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  21. B. Wang, X.-J. Shen, J.-L. Wen, R.-C. Sun, RSC Adv. 6, 57986–57995 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. X.-J. Shen, B. Wang, H. Pan-li, J.-L. Wen, R.-C. Sun, RSC Adv. 6, 45315–45325 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Azadi, O.R. Inderwildi, R. Farnood, D.A. King, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 21, 506–523 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B. Joffres, D. Laurenti, N. Charon, A. Daudin, A. Quignard, C. Geantet, Oil Gas Sci. Technol. Rev. IFP Energies Nouv. 68, 753–763 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M.P. Pandey, C.S. Kim, Chem. Eng. Technol. 34, 29–41 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. B. Güvenatam, E.H.J. Heeres, E.A. Pidko, E.J.M. Hensen, Catal. Today 259, 460–466 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M.M. Hepditch, R.W. Thring, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 78, 226–231 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. B. Güvenatam, E.H.J. Heeres, E.A. Pidko, E.J.M. Hensen, Catal. Today 269, 9–20 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Y.S.S. Kubo, N. Ishikawa, Y. Uraki, Mokuzai Gakkaishi 43, 655–662 (1997)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Holzforsch. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Phys. Technol. Wood 50, 144 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  31. S. Kubo, J.F. Kadla, J. Polym. Environ. 13, 97–105 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. F. Derbyshire, R. Andrews, D. Jacques, M. Jagtoyen, G. Kimber, T. Rantell, Fuel 80, 345–356 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Akdere, S. Schriever, G. Seide, T. Gries, Int. J. Cloth. Sci. Technol. 28, 293–299 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Long, Y. Xu, T. Wang, Z. Yuan, R. Shu, Q. Zhang, L. Ma, Appl. Energy 141, 70–79 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. V.B. Gupta, Manuf. Fibre Technol. (Springer, Dordrecht, 1997), pp. 67–97

    Book  Google Scholar 

  36. S. Kubo, Y. Uraki, Y. Sano, Carbon N. Y. 36, 1119–1124 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. I. Dallmeyer, F. Ko, J.F. Kadla, J. Wood Chem. Technol. 30, 315–329 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. I. Dallmeyer, F. Ko, J.F. Kadla, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 2697–2705 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. I. Dallmeyer, L.T. Lin, Y. Li, F. Ko, J.F. Kadla, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 299, 540–551 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. D.I. Choi, J.-N. Lee, J. Song, P.-H. Kang, J.-K. Park, Y.M. Lee, J. Solid State Electrochem. 17, 2471–2475 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. N.-Y. Teng, I. Dallmeyer, J.F. Kadla, J. Wood Chem. Technol. 33, 299–316 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. C. Lai, P. Kolla, Y. Zhao, H. Fong, A.L. Smirnova, Electrochim. Acta 130, 431–438 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. S. Hu, Y.L. Hsieh, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 11279–11288 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Hu, S. Zhang, N. Pan, Y. Lo Hsieh, J. Power Sources 270, 106–112 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. L. Lin, Y. Li, F.K. Ko, J. Fiber Bioeng. Inform. 6, 335–347 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. C. Lu, C. Blackwell, Q. Ren, E. Ford, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5, 2949–2959 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. Otani, Y. Fukuoka, B. Igarashi, K. Sasaki, Method for Producing Carbonized Lignin Fiber, US3,461,082, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  48. J. Jin, A.A. Ogale, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 135, 45903 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. N. Behabtu, N. Behabtu, C.C. Young, D.E. Tsentalovich, O. Kleinerman, X. Wang, A.W.K. Ma, E.A. Bengio, R.F. Waarbeek, J.J. De Jong, R.E. Hoogerwerf, S.B. Fairchild, J.B. Ferguson, B. Maruyama, J. Kono, Y. Talmon, Y. Cohen, M.J. Otto, M. Pasquali, 182, 182–187 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  50. C. Jiang, A. Saha, C. Xiang, C.C. Young, J.M. Tour, M. Pasquali, A.A. Martí, ACS Nano 7, 4503–4510 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. C. Jiang, A. Saha, C.C. Young, D.P. Hashim, C.E. Ramirez, P.M. Ajayan, M. Pasquali, A.A. Martí, ACS Nano 8, 9107–9112 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. L.M. Ericson, H. Fan, H. Peng, V.A. Davis, W. Zhou, J. Sulpizio, Y. Wang, R. Booker, J. Vavro, C. Guthy, A.N. Parra-Vasquez, M.J. Kim, S. Ramesh, R.K. Saini, C. Kittrell, G. Lavin, H. Schmidt, W.W. Adams, W.E. Billups, M. Pasquali, W.F. Hwang, R.H. Hauge, J.E. Fischer, R.E. Smalley, Science 305, 1447–1450 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. X. Dong, C. Lu, P. Zhou, S. Zhang, L. Wang, D. Li, RSC Adv. 5, 42259–42265 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. S.P. Maradur, C.H. Kim, S.Y. Kim, B.H. Kim, W.C. Kim, K.S. Yang, Synth. Met. 162, 453–459 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Oroumei, M. Naebe, Fibers Polym. 18, 2079–2093 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. K. Xia, Q. Ouyang, Y. Chen, X. Wang, X. Qian, L. Wang, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4, 159–168 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. M. Zhang, A.A. Ogale, in Polym. Precursor-Derived Carbon (American Chemical Society, 2014), pp. 137–152 SE–6

    Google Scholar 

  58. R. Ruiz-Rosas, J. Bedia, M. Lallave, I.G. Loscertales, A. Barrero, J. Rodríguez-Mirasol, T. Cordero, Carbon N. Y. 48, 696–705 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Thunga, K. Chen, D. Grewell, M.R. Kessler, Carbon N. Y. 68, 159–166 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. N. Yusof, A.F. Ismail, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 93, 1–13 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. S. Young Jang, S. Ko, Y. Pyo Jeon, J. Choi, N. Kang, H.-C. Kim, H.-I. Joh, S. Lee, Evaluating the stabilization of isotropic pitch fibers for optimal tensile properties of carbon fibers. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 45, 316–322 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Y. Liu, H.G. Chae, S. Kumar, Carbon N. Y. 49, 4487–4496 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. S. Chatterjee, E.B. Jones, A.C. Clingenpeel, A.M. McKenna, O. Rios, N.W. McNutt, D.J. Keffer, A. Johs, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2, 2002–2010 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. I. Brodin, M. Ernstsson, G. Gellerstedt, E. Sjöholm, Holzforschung 66, 141–147 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. I. Norberg, Y. Nordström, R. Drougge, G. Gellerstedt, E. Sjöholm, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128, 3824–3830 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. A. Poeppel, D.E. Frank, Stabilization of Lignin Carbon Fibers with Crosslinkers, European Patent EP 2644758A1 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  67. M. Zhang, J. Jin, A. Ogale, Fibers 3, 184–196 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. J. Lin, S. Kubo, T. Yamada, K. Koda, Y. Uraki, BioResources 7, 5634–5646 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  69. C. Lai, Z. Zhou, L. Zhang, X. Wang, Q. Zhou, Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, X.F. Wu, Z. Zhu, H. Fong, J. Power Sources 247, 134–141 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. I. Brodin, E. Sjöholm, G. Gellerstedt, J Anal Appl Pyrol 87, 70–77 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. W. Qin, J.F. Kadla, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50, 12548–12555 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. J. Luo, Lignin-Based Carbon Fiber (The University of Maine, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  73. M. Zhang, Carbon Fibers Derived from Dry-Spinning of Modified Lignin Precursors (Clemson University, 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  74. R.C. Eckert, Z. Abdullah, Carbon Fibers from Kraft Softwood Lignin, US 7,678,358 B2, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  75. Q. Li, S. Xie, W.K. Serem, M.T. Naik, L. Liu, J.S. Yuan, Green Chem. 19, 1628–1634 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. C. Olsson, E. Sjöholm, R. Anders, Holzforschung 71, 275 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. M. Foston, G.A. Nunnery, X. Meng, Q. Sun, F.S. Baker, A. Ragauskas, Carbon N. Y. 52, 65–73 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. D.A. Baker, N.C. Gallego, F.S. Baker, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 124, 227–234 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. R. Ding, H. Wu, M. Thunga, N. Bowler, M.R. Kessler, Carbon N. Y. 100, 126–136 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. J. Luo, J. Genco, B. Cole, R. Fort, BioResources 6, 4566–4593 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Cho, M. Karaaslan, S. Chowdhury, F. Ko, S. Renneckar, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 6, 6434–6444 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. M. Schreiber, S. Vivekanandhan, A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 3, 33–41 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. N. Meek, D. Penumadu, O. Hosseinaei, D. Harper, S. Young, T. Rials, Compos. Sci. Technol. 137, 60–68 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. H. Kleinhans, L. Salmén, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133, 1–7 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. V. Poursorkhabi, A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  86. F.F.S. Baker, Energy, 1–28 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  87. S. Kubo, Y. Uraki, Y. Sano, J. Wood Sci. 49, 188–192 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Q. Yan, J. Li, X. Zhang, E.B. Hassan, C. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Cai, J. Nanopart. Res. 20, 223 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. F.S. Baker, Low Cost Carbon Fiber from Renewable Resources, US Department of Energy Progress Report, Project ID: LM005, http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/pres/111380.pdf (2010)

  90. Q. Yan, X. Zhang, J. Li, E.B. Hassan, C. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Cai, J. Mater. Sci. 53, 8020–8029 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. H. Qin, Y. Zhou, J. Huang, C. Zhang, B. Wang, S. Jin, Q. Zhou, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 12, 10599–10604 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. S.-J. Park, L.-Y. Meng, In: Carbon Fibers. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 210. Springer, Dordrecht, 101–133 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  93. S.K. Singh, J.D. Ekhe, RSC Adv. 4, 27971–27978 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. K. Sudo, K. Shimizu, N. Nakashima, A. Yokoyama, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 1485–1491 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. K. Sudo, K. Shimizu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 44, 127–134 (1992)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. T. Josefsson, H. Lennholm, G. Gellerstedt, Holzforschung 56, 289 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. D. Robert, M. Bardet, A. Energy, A.E. Co, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 22, 221–230 (1988)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. C. Zhao, Y. Kou, A.A. Lemonidou, X. Li, J.A. Lercher, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 3987–3990 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. I. Brodin, E. Sjöholm, G. Gellerstedt, Holzforschung 63, 290–297 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. J.L. Braun, K.M. Holtman, J.F. Kadla, Carbon N. Y. 43, 385–394 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. W.G. Glasser, V. Davé, C.E. Frazier, J. Wood Chem. Technol. 13, 545–559 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. R. Mörck, H. Yoshida, K.P. Kringstad, H. Hatakeyama, Holzforschung 40, 51–56 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. R. Mörck, A. Reimann, K.P. Kringstad, Holzforschung 42, 111–116 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Kleinert, T. Barth, in 15th Eur. Biomass Conf. (Berlin, 2007), pp. 1297–1301

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

    Oluwashina Phillips Gbenebor & Samson Oluropo Adeosun

Authors
  1. Oluwashina Phillips Gbenebor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Samson Oluropo Adeosun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Composite Materials, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

    Emmanuel Isaac Akpan

  2. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

    Samson Oluropo Adeosun

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gbenebor, O.P., Adeosun, S.O. (2019). Lignin Conversion to Carbon Fibre. In: Akpan, E., Adeosun, S. (eds) Sustainable Lignin for Carbon Fibers: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18792-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation