Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adventure Tourism in Alaska

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Adventure Tourism

Abstract

Adventure tourism numbers are estimated for Alaska and the impacts on wildlife are considered in detail. This wildlife includes: black and brown bears, bear-viewing tourism and its management approaches; the impacts on Dall sheep; the effects of winter recreation on ungulates, including mountain caribou; the recreational impacts on bird populations, including bald eagles, black oystercatchers and marbled murrelets; and whale-watching and harbour seal impacts. The effects of recreation caused by camping, hiking trampling pressure on tundra, the invasive plant spread along trails and the development of informal trails in Arctic wildlife refuges are considered. The impacts of off-road vehicles on tundra, helicopter-supported recreation impacts and the effects of waste produced by climbers on Mount McKinley are evaluated. Finally, the effects of recreational fishing and some impacts on native human populations are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abele, G. (1976). Effects of hovercraft, wheeled and tracked vehicle traffic in tundra. In National Research Council of Canada, Association Geotechnical Research, Technical Memorandum (Vol. 116, pp. 186–215).

    Google Scholar 

  • Abele, G., Brown, J., & Brewer, M. C. (1984). Long term effects of off-road vehicle traffic on tundra terrain. Journal of Terrain Mechanics, 21, 13–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agness, A. M., Marshall, K. M., Piatt, J. F., Ha, J. C., & Van Blancom, G. R. (2013). Energy cost of vessel disturbance to Kittlitz’s murrelets (Brachyramphus brevirostris). Marine Ornithology, 40, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alaska Department of Natural Resources. (2004). Alaska’s Outdoor legacy: Statewide comprehensive outdoor recreation plan. State of Alaska, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, division of outdoor parks and recreation. http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/plans/scorp/2004scorpweb.pdf

  • Alaskan Native Science Commission. (n.d.). Impacts of eco-tourism: Alaska native perspective. http://www.nativescience.org/htm/eco-tourism.html

  • Alexander, S., & Hagadorn, N. (2012). Tourism in Alaska: Past, present and future. In H. K. Cordell (Ed.), Outdoor Recreation Trends and Futures. A technical document supporting the forest service 2010 RPA assessment (pp. 101–104). General technical report SRS-150, Southern Research Station, Asheville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, M., & Aar, J. (2008). Short-term behavioural response of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to snowmobile disturbance. Polar Biology, 31, 501–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. (1971). Effects of human disturbance on Dall sheep. Alaska Cooperative Research Unit Quarterly Report, 22, 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, R. G., Steidl, R. J., & McGarigal, K. (1995). Recreation and bald eagles in the Pacific Northwest. In R. L. Knight & K. Gutzwiller (Eds.), Wildlife and recreationists: Co-existing through management and research (pp. 223–241). Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arp, C. D., & Simmons, T. (2012). Analyzing the impacts of off-road vehicle (ORV) trails on watershed processes in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and preserve, Alaska. Environmental Management, 49, 751–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bella, E. M. (2017). Invasion prediction on Alaska trails: Distribution, habitat, and trail use. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 4, 296–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellefleur, D., Lee, P., & Roncini, R. A. (2009). The impact of recreational boat traffic on marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus). Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 531–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergerud, A. T. (1996). Evolving perspectives on caribou population dynamics, have we got it right yet? Rangifer, 9(Special Issue), 95–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blacklock, L. (1977). Encounters in the wild. National Wildlands, 15, 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blundell, G. M., Pendleton, G. W., & Crocker, D. E. (2015). Factors affecting haul-out behaviour of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in tidewater glacier inlets in Alaska: Can tourism vessels and seal coexist? PLoS One, 10(5), e.0125486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.o125486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botz, J., Brenner, R., Hollowell, G., Lewis, B., & Moffit, S. (2008). 2006 Prince William sound finfish management report. Regional information report no. 08-30. Anchorage: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Divisions of Sport Fish and Commercial Fisheries, 213pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, J. M. (2001). Outdoor recreation by Alaskans: projections for 2000 through 2020. General technical report PNW-GTR-527. Portland, OR, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 22pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, J. M., & Askew, A. (2012). US outdoor recreation participation projections to 2060. In H. K. Cordell (Ed.), Outdoor recreation trends and futures. A technical document supporting the forest service 2010 RPA assessment. General technical report SRS-150 (pp. 105–123). Asheville: Southern Research Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, S. A., & Samson, F. B. (1985). Effects of non-consumptive recreation on wildlife: A review. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 13, 110–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, C. J., Boutin, S., & Hebert, D. M. (1997). Effects of petroleum exploration on woodland Caribou in North-Eastern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61, 1127–1133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calambokidis, J., Falcone, E. A, Quinn, T. J., Burdin, A. M., Clapham, P. J., Ford, J. K. B. et al. 2008. SPLASH: structure of populations, levels of abundance and status of Humpback Whales in the North Pacific. Final report to United States Department of Commerce for Contract No. AB133F-03-RP-00078. Cascadia Research, Olympia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calef, G. W., DeBock, E. A., & Lortie, G. M. (1976). The reaction of barren-ground caribou to aircraft. Arctic, 29, 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, D. K., & Gilbert, B. K. (1999). Habitat security for the Alaskan black bears at key foraging sites: Are there thresholds for human disturbance? Ursus, 11, 225–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N., & Christensen, L. (2009). Arctic National Wildlife Refuge visitor study: The characteristics, experiences, and preferences of refuge visitors. Missoula: Christensen Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. N., & Dalle-Molle, J. (1982). Managing campfire impacts in the backcountry (General technical report INT) (Vol. 135). Ogden: Intermontane Forest and Range Experiment Station, 16pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colt, S., Martin, S., Mieren, J., & Tomeo, M. (2002). Recreation and tourism in south-Central Alaska: Patterns and prospects (General technical report PNW-GTR) (Vol. 551). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 78pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coltrane, A., & Sinnott, R. (2015). Brown bear and human recreational trail use of trails in Anchorage, Alaska. Human-Wildlife Interactions, 9, 132–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Côté, S. (1996). Mountain goat responses to helicopter disturbance. Bulletin of the Wildlife Society, 24, 681–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cressey, D. (2014). Ecotourism rise hits whales. Nature, 512, 357e358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. L., Valkenburg, P., & Boertje, R. D. (1985). Disturbance and the Delta Caribou Herd. In A. M. Martell & D. E. Russell (Eds.), Caribou and human activity. Proceedings of the first North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Y.T., 1983 (pp. 2–6). Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, F. C., & Tracy, D. M. (1979). McKinley’s shuttle bus system and the management of traffic impact upon wildlife. In R. Ittner et al. (Eds.), Recreational impact on wildlands conference proceedings (pp. 263–270)). Seattle: US Forest Service no. R-6-001-1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBruyn, T. D., & Smith, T. S. (2009). Managing bear-viewing to minimize human impacts on the species in Alaska, chapter 7. In J. Hill & T. Gale (Eds.), Ecotourism and environmental sustainability: Principles and practice (pp. 109–124). London: Routledge, 278pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBruyn, T. D., Smith, T. S., Proffitt, K., Partridge, S., & Drummer, T. D. (2009). Brown bear response to elevated viewing structures at Brooks River, Alaska. Bulletin of the Wildlife Society, 32, 1132–1140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Despain, D. G., Houston, D., Meagher, M., & Schullery, P. (1986). The pristine myth: Man and nature on Yellowstone’s northern range. Boulder: Robert Rinehart, 142pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deur, D., Evanoff, K., Hermann, A., & Salmon, A. (2013). Collaborative research to assess visitor impacts on Alaska native practices along Alagnak Wild River. Alaska Park Science, 12, 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldermire, C. (2008). Measuring tourism impacts on the oystercatchers of Kenai fjords, Alaska. All about birds. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/measuring-tourism-impacts-on-the-oystercatchers-of-kenai-fjords-alaska/

  • Elowe, K. D., & Dodge, W. E. (1989). Factors affecting black bear reproductive success and cub survival. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53, 962–968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischman, R. L. (2003). The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a conservation system through law. Washington, DC: Island Press, 277pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortin, J. K., Rode, K. D., Hildebrand, G. V., Wilder, J., Farley, S., Jorgensen, C., & Marcot, B. G. (2016). Impacts of human recreation on brown bears (Ursus arctos): A review and new management tool. PLoS One, 11(1), e0141983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141983.

  • Gabriele C. M., Jensen, A. S., Neilson, J. L., & Straley, J. M. (2007, May 28–31). Preliminary summary of reported whale–vessel collisions in Alaskan waters: 1978–2006. SC/59/BC/. 59th annual meeting of the international whaling commission, Anchorage, AK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geist, V. (1975). Mountain sheep and man in the northern wilds. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 248pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gende, S. M., Hendrix, A. W., Harris, K. R., Eichenlaub, B., Nielsen, J., & Pyare, S. (2011). A Bayesian approach for understanding the role of ship speed in whale-ship encounters. Ecological Applications, 21, 2232–2240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gneiser, C. H. (2000). Ecological consequences of recreation in sub-arctic-alpine tundra: Experimental assessment and predictive modeling as planning tools for sustainable visitor management in protected Areas. Ph.D thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, 486pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. I., Poe, A. J., Cooper, E., Yonkey, D., Brown, B. A., & McDonald, T. L. (2005). Mountain goat responses to helicopter overflights in Alaska. Bulletin of the Wildlife Society, 33, 688–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. I., Poe, A. J., Suring, L. H., Nielson, R. M., & McDonald, T. L. (2010). Brown bear den habitat and winter recreation in south-Central Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management, 74, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich, J. M., & Berger, J. (1994). Winter recreation and hibernating black bears Ursus americanus. Biological Conservation, 67, 105–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, K., Loso, M. G., & Braun, M. (2012). Glacial transport of human waste and survival of fecal bacteria on Mt. McKinley’s Kahiltna glacier, Denali National Park, Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 44, 432–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goonan, K., Monz, C., & Philips, L. (2013). Visitor experience and social science indicators of NPS-Alaska Coastal resources, Kenai Fjords National Park (Final project report). Anchorage: National Park Service, 44pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goonan, K. C., Monz, C., Bruno, B., & Lewis, T. (2015). Recreation impact monitoring analysis and protocol development, Glacier Bay National Park (Natural resource report NPS/GLBA/NRR-2015/957). Fort Collins: National Park Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groff, C. A., Caliari, E., Dorigatti, E., & Gozzi, A. (1998). Selection of denning caves by brown bears in Trentino, Italy. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 10, 275–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grulke, N. E. (1987). Degradation and recovery of footpaths in upland tundra, Okpilak Valley, Alaska. Unpublished report to U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, A., & Miller, F. L. (1978). Caribou and muskoxen response to helicopter harassment, Prince of Wales Island, 1976–77. ESCOM no. AI-30, Canadian Wildlife Service, Fisheries and Environment Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, A., Miller, F. L., Glaholt, R., & Jingfors, K. (1985). Behavioral responses of barren ground caribou cows and calves to helicopters on the Beverly Herd calving grounds, Northwest Territories. In A. M. Martell & D. E. Russell (Eds.), Caribou and human activity. Proceedings of the First North American Caribou Workshop, Whitehorse, Y. T., 1983 (pp. 10–14). Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, K. (1992). Visitor impact on grizzly bear activity in Pelican Valley, Yellowstone National Park. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8, 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Happe, P. J., Shea, K. E., & Loya, W. M. (1998). Assessment of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) impacts: Within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska. 1998 Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve research and resource management report, National Park Service, 129pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, K., Gende, S. M., Logsdon, M. G., & Klinger, T. (2012). Spatial pattern analysis of cruise ship-humpback whale interactions in and near Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Environmental Management, 49, 44–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G., Nielson, R. M., Rinaldi, T., & Lohuis, T. (2014). Effects of winter recreation on northern ungulates with focus on moose (Alces alces) and snowmobiles. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 60, 45–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, S. (2002). Bear attacks: Their causes and avoidance. Guilford: Lyons Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, J., & Herrero, S. (2000). Management options for the moraine Lake Highline Trail: Grizzly bears and cyclists (Parks Canada, unpublished report). Banff: Banff National Park.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, S., McCrory, W., & Pelchet, B. (1986). Using grizzly bear habitat evaluations to locate trails and campsites in Kananaskis Provincial Park. Proceedings International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 6, 187–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. F., Beachler, M. M., & Johnson, P. A. (2002). Hydrodynamic impacts of commercial jet-boating on the Chilkat River, Alaska (Report commissioned for the Alaska fish and game commission). University Park: The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering/The Pennsylvania State University, 114pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillmer-Pegram, K. (2016). Integrating indigenous values with capitalism through tourism: Alaskan experiences and outstanding issues. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover-Miller, A., Bishop, A., Prewitt, J., Conlon, S., Jezierski, C., & Armato, P. (2013). Efficacy of voluntary mitigation in reducing harbour seal disturbance. Journal of Wildlife Management, 77, 689–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, K. (2004). NWSGC position statement on helicopter-supported recreation and mountain goats. Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council, 14, 131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jope, K. (1985). Implications of grizzly bear habituation to hikers. Bulletin of the Wildlife Society, 13, 32–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, S. L., Knight, R. R., & Blanchard, B. M. (1986). Denning of grizzly bears in the Yellowstone National Park area. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 6, 111–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinka, D. R., & Reimchen, R. E. (2002). Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 1317–1322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laist, D. W., Knowlton, A. R., Mead, J. G., Collet, A. S., & Podesta, M. (2001). Collisions between ships and whales. Marine Mammal Science, 17, 35–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, D. W. (2010). A survey of sport fish use on the Copper River Delta, Alaska. USDA Forest Service general technical report PNW-GTR-814, Pacific Coast Northwestern Research Station, 47pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, R. P. (1996). Effects of military noise on wildlife: A literature review. Illinois natural history survey, center for wildlife ecology. Champaign, Illinois: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Maher, P., & Lueck, M. (2010). Last-chance tourism: The boom, doom, and gloom of visiting vanishing destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 13, 477–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, M. E. (2007). Copper River salmon habitat management study. Anchorage: University of Alaska, prepared for Ecotrust, 45pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, P. M., Kissling, M. L., Reid, M., Gende, S. M., & Lewis, S. B. (2010). Testing assumptions of distance sampling on a pelagic seabird. Condor, 112, 455–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R., Johnston, R., & Geist, V. (1979). Factors influencing heart rate in free-ranging bighorn sheep: A physiological approach to the study of wildlife harassment. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57, 2010–2021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcella, T. K., Gende, S., Roby, D. D., & Allignol, A. (2017). Disturbance of a rare seabird by ship-based tourism in a marine protected area. PLoS One, 12, e0176176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marion, J. L., & Wimpey, J. (2011). Informal trail monitoring protocols: Denali National Park and preserve (Final research report). Blacksburg: U.S. Geological Survey, Distributed by the Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources, 92pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell Group. (2018). Economic impact of Alaska’s visitor industry 2017, 21pp. Visitoe-impacts-2016-17-report.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, J. B. (2005). Gastroenteritis outbreak among mountaineers climbing the west buttress route of Denali–Denali National Park, Alaska. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 16, 92–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLellan, B., & Shackleton, D. (1989). Immediate reactions of grizzly bears to human activities. Bulletin of the Wildlife Society, 17, 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monz, C. A. (2002). The response of arctic tundra plant communities to human trampling disturbance. Journal of Environmental Management, 64, 207–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monz, C., & D’Luhosch, P. (2005). Monitoring visitor use and associated impacts in the Southwest Alaska network. Anchorage: USDI National Park Service, 58pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monz, C., Marion, J. L., & Reed, J. J. (2012). Informal trail monitoring in the antigun gorge area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Final research report, 94pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, J. A. (2005). Effects of recreational disturbance on breeding black oystercatchers: Species resilience and conservation implications. MSc thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 61pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, J. A., Powell, A. N., & Tetreau, M. D. (2006). Productivity of black oystercatchers: Effects of recreational disturbance in a national park. The Condor, 108, 623–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K. A., Suring, L. H., & Iliff, A. (2001). Human use and wildlife disturbance-establishing the baseline for management in Western Prince William Sound, Alaska. Proceedings of the second biennial coastal Geotools conference, Charleston, SC, 18pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Park Service. (2006). The Denali National Park and Preserve, final backcountry management plan, general management plan amendment and environmental impact statement. USDI NPS, Denali National Park and Preserve, Denali Park.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Survey on Recreation and the Environment. (1995). Technical appendices. https://www.2.srs.fs.fed.ns/stats/2000/recreation/executive; http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/trends/techappend.htm

  • Nevin, O. T., & Gilbert, B. K. (2004). Measuring the cost of risk avoidance in brown bears: Further evidence of positive impacts of ecotourism. Biological Conservation, 123, 453–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nevin, O. T., & Gilbert, B. K. (2005). Perceived risk, displacement and refuging in brown bears: Positive impacts of ecotourism? Biological Conservation, 921, 611–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • New, L. F., Hall, A. J., Harcourt, R., Kaufluen, G., Parsons, E. C. M., Pearson, H. C., Cosentino, A. M., & Stick, R. S. (2015). The modelling and assessment of whale-watching impacts. Ocean and Coastal Management, 115, 10–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northern Economics, Inc. [NEI]. (2004). Alaska visitor arrivals summer 2004. http://www.dced.state.ak.us/oed/toubus/pub/Summer_arrivals2004.pdf

  • Olson, T. L., Gilbert, B. K., & Squibb, R. C. (1997). The effects of increasing activity on brown bear use of an Alaskan river. Biological Conservation, 82, 95–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, T. L., Groth, E. M., Mocnik, K.W., & Vaughn, C. I. (2009). Bear management at Brooks River, Katmai National Park 2003–2006. Alaska Region Natural Resources technical report NPS/AR/NRTR-2009-73, National Park Service US Department of the Interior, 44pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, T. L., Squibb, R. C., & Gilbert, B. K. (1998). Brown bear diurnal activity and human use: A comparison of two salmon streams. Ursus, 10, 547–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, L. O., Marion, J. L., Manning, R. E., Lawson, S. R., & Jacobi, C. (2008). Managing visitor impacts in parks: A multi-method study of the effectiveness of alternative management practices. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26, 97–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, E. C. M. (2012). The negative impacts of whale-watching. Journal of Marine Biology, 2012, 807294, 9pp. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/807294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penteriani, V., López-Bao, J. V., Bettega, C., Dalerum, F., del Mar Delgado, M., Jenna, K., Kojola, I., Krofel, M., & Odiz, A. (2017). Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism: A review. Biological Conservation, 206, 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poe, A. J., Goldstein, M. I., Brown, B. A., & Andres, B. A. (2009). Black oystercatchers and campsites in western Prince William Sound, Alaska. Waterbirds, 32, 423–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, R., & Lent, P. (1972). Effects of human disturbance on Dall sheep. Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Quarterly Report, 23, 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Racine, C. H., & Ahlstrand, G. M. (1991). Thaw response of tussock-scrub tundra to experimental all-terrain vehicle disturbance in south-central Alaska. Arctic, 44, 31–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, R. S., & Schreiner, E. S. (1985). Long-term experimental trampling on plant communities in Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. Resource Management Office, Denali National Park, AK. Unpublished report, 94 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, N. W., & Loeffler, R. (2006). Alaska quiet rights: Helicopter supported commercial recreation in Alaska. Anchorage: Alaska Quiet Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmor, M. R. (1999). An exploration into bear deterrents as related to mountain biking and the design of an ultrasonic bear warning device. MSc thesis, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, 147pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, R., Cerveny, L., & Robertson, G. (2005). Tourism growth in southeast Alaska: trends, projections, and issues. In R. Mazza & L. E. Kruger (Eds.), Social conditions and trends in southeast Alaska (PNW-GTR-653) (pp. 45–91). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siemer, W. F., Decker, D. J., Otto, P., & Gore, M. L. (2007). Working through black bear management issues. A practitioner’s guide. Northeast wildlife damage management research and outreach cooperative.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, K. (1987). The effects of snowmobiling on winter range use by Mountain Caribou. Wildlife working report no. WR-25, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, K., & Terry, E. (2000). Impacts of backcountry recreation activities on mountain Caribou management concerns, interim management guidelines and research needs. Wildlife working report no WR-99. British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, Victoria, 11pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, K., Terry, E., Hamilton, D. (1997). Toward a Mountain Caribou management strategy for British Columbia–habitat requirements and sub-population status. Wildlife working report no. WR-90. British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, Victoria, 27pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter, C. W., Racine, C. H., Walker, D. A., Johnson, L. A., & Abele, G. (1990). Use of off-road vehicles and initiation of effects in Alaska permafrost environments: A review. Environmental Management, 14, 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. S. (2002). Effects of human activity on brown bear use of the Kulik River. Alaska. Ursus, 13, 257–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. S., Oyster, J., Partridge, S. D., Martin, P. E., & Sisson, A. (2012). Assessing American black bear responses to human activity at Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska. Ursus, 23, 179–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steidl, R. J. (1994). Human impacts on the ecology of bald eagles in interior Alaska. PhD thesis, Oregon State University, 155pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steidl, R. J., & Anthony, R. G. (1996). Response of bald eagles to human activity during the summer in interior Alaska. Ecological Applications, 6, 482–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suring, L. H., Farley, S. D., Hilderbrand, V., Goldstein, M. I., Howlin, S., & Erickson, W. P. (2006). Patterns of landscape use by female brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70, 1580–1587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. R., & Knight, L. (2003). Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications, 13, 951–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Northeast Black Bear Technical Committee. (2012). An evaluation of black bear management options, 42pp. https://wildlife.state.nh.us/hunting/documents/bear-mgt-options.pdf

  • Tollefson, T. N., Matt, C., Meehan, J., & Robbins, C. T. (2005). Research notes: Quantifying spaciotemporal overlap of Alaskan brown bears and people. Journal of Wildlife Management, 69, 810–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, J. P., & Fleming, P. J. S. (2007). Behavioural responses of feral goats (Capra hircus) to helicopters. Animal Behaviour Science, 108, 114–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twardock, P., Monz, C. A., Smith, M., & Colt, S. (2010). Long-term changes in resource conditions on backcountry campsites in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. Northwest Science, 84, 223–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twardock, P., Monz, C., & Smith, M. (2009). Thirteen years of monitoring campsite conditions in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Proceedings of the George Wright Society conference on protected areas in a changing world, pp. 208–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA Forest Service, Juneau Alaska Tongass National Forest, Juneau Ranger District. (2002). Helicopter landing tours on the Juneau Icefield 2002–2007. Final environment impact Statement R10-MB-442, 35pp, plus appendices, Juneau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, D. H., Stehn, R. A., Erickson, W. P., & Derksen, D. (1999). Response of fall-staging Brant and Canada geese to aircraft overflights in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63, 373–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, D., Kendall, K. C., & Picton, H. (1999). Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears. Bulletin of the Wildlife Society, 27, 146–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R., Trites, A. W., & Bain, D. E. (2002). Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: Opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. Journal of Zoology, 256, 255–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wooding, F. S., & Sparrow, S. D. (1979). As assessment of damage caused by off-road vehicle traffic on subarctic tundra in the Denali highway area of Alaska. In R. Ittner, D. R. Potter, J. K. Agee, & S. Anschell (Eds.), Recreation impacts on wildlands, conference proceedings (R-6-001-1979) (pp. 89–93). Seattle: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station and USDI National Park Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, C., Gende, S. M., & Harvey, J. T. (2014). Effects of vessels on harbour seals in Glacier Bay National Park. Tourism in Marine Environments, 10, 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

    David Huddart & Tim Stott

Authors
  1. David Huddart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tim Stott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Huddart .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Huddart, D., Stott, T. (2020). Adventure Tourism in Alaska. In: Adventure Tourism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18623-4_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation