Skip to main content

Individual and Interpersonal Outcomes of Cultural Intelligence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cultural Intelligence in the World of Work

Abstract

Cultural intelligence is believed to be beneficial for people involved in a variety of intercultural or multicultural situations. In this chapter, we review research examining the relationships between cultural intelligence and various outcomes at both the individual and interpersonal levels. At the individual level, we review studies on cultural judgment and decision making, creativity, intention to work abroad, cross-cultural adjustment, job performance, and global leadership. At the interpersonal level, we review studies on trust and social acceptance, creative collaboration, knowledge transfer, and conflict and negotiation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    We categorized the levels according to the level at which the phenomenon happens, instead of the level of empirical analysis. For example, knowledge transfer is an interpersonal level phenomenon since it happens between at least two people. But in the empirical studies we reviewed, it was measured and analyzed at individual level.

References

  • Adair, W. L., Okumura, T., & Brett, J. M. (2001). Negotiation behavior when culture collides: The United States and Japan. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 371–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48, 501–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Conceputalization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 3–15). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., et al. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aslam, U., Ilyas, M., Imran, M. K., & Rahman, U. U. (2016). Intelligence and its impact on managerial effectiveness and career success (evidence from insurance sector of Pakistan). Journal of Management Development, 35, 505–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bharwani, S., & Jauhari, V. (2013). An exploratory study of competencies required to co-create memorable customer experiences in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25, 823–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bücker, J., Furrer, O., Poutsma, E., & Buyens, D. (2014). The impact of cultural intelligence on communication effectiveness, job satisfaction and anxiety for Chinese host country managers working for foreign multinationals. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 2068–2087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, L., Hirschi, A., & Deller, J. (2011). Self-initiated expatriates and their career success. Journal of Management Development, 31, 159–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Che Rose, R., Sri Ramalu, S., Uli, J., & Kumar, N. (2010). Expatriate performance in international assignments: The role of cultural intelligence as dynamic intercultural competency. International Journal of Business and Management, 5, 76–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A. S. (2015). CQ at work and the impact of intercultural training: An empirical test among foreign laborers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A. S., Lin, Y.-C., & Sawangpattanakul, A. (2011). The relationship between cultural intelligence and performance with the mediating effect of culture shock: A case from Philippine laborers in Taiwan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 246–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A. S., Wu, I., & Bian, M. (2014). The moderating effects of active and agreeable conflict management styles on cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14, 270–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kim, K., Farh, C. I. C., & Tangirala, S. (2010). When does cross-cultural motivation enhance expatriate effectiveness? A multilevel investigation of the moderating roles of subsidiary support and cultural distance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1110–1130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X.-P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Mor, S. (2012). Collaborating across cultures: Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118, 116–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chua, R. Y. J., & Ng, K. Y. (2017). Not just how much you know: Interactional effect of cultural knowledge and metacognition on creativity in a global context. Management and Organization Review, 13, 281–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadrado, E., Tabernero, C., & Briones, E. (2014). Dispositional and psychosocial variables as longitudinal predictors of acculturative stress. Applied Psychology: An international Review, 63, 441–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, L., & Gibson, P. (2008). A qualitative evaluation on the role of cultural intelligence in cross-cultural leadership effectiveness. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 3, 181–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, L., & Gibson, P. (2009). Mapping and modeling the capacities that underlie effective cross-cultural leadership: An interpretive study with practical outcomes. Cross Cultural Management, 16, 347–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duff, A. J., Tahbaz, A., & Chan, C. (2012). The interactive effect of cultural intelligence and openness on task performance. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 30, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. L., Elahee, M. N., & Tatoglu, E. (2013). Antecedents of problem-solving cross-cultural negotiation style: Some preliminary evidence. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 18, 83–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FakhrElDin, H. (2011). The effect of cultural intelligence on employee performance in international hospitality industries: A case from the hotel sector in Egypt. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 8, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty, J. E. (2008). The effects of cultural intelligence on team member acceptance and integration in multicultural teams. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 192–205). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froese, F. J., Kim, K., & Eng, A. (2016). Language, cultural intelligence, and inpatriate turnover intentions: Leveraging values in multinational corporations through inpatriates. Management International Review, 56, 283–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., Holcombe, K. M., Dyer, N., Ohbuchi, K., & Fukuno, M. (2001). Cultural influences on cognitive representations of conflict: Interpretations of conflict episodes in the United States and Japan. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1059–1074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, K., & Cartwright, S. (2009). Cross-cultural consultancy initiatives to develop Russian managers: An analysis of five western aid-funded programs. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7, 504–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, K. S., & Feyerherm, A. E. (2011). Leader cultural intelligence in context: Testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance. Group and Organization Management, 36, 535–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, K. S., Feyerherm, A. E., & Gu, M. (2015). Examining cultural intelligence and cross-cultural negotiation effectiveness. Journal of Management Education, 39, 209–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guðmundsdóttir, S. (2015). Nordic expatriates in the US: The relationship between cultural intelligence and adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huff, K. C. (2013). Language, cultural intelligence and expatriate success. Management Research Review, 36, 596–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huff, K. C., Song, P., & Gresch, E. B. (2014). Cultural intelligence, personality, and cross-cultural adjustment: A study of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 151–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imai, L., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112, 83–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, M. (2015). Conceptualizing knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: The mediating effect of social capital. Cogent Business and Management, 2, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, M., Sobri, S. S., Zulkifly, N. A., Hamzah, S. R., & Yamato, E. (2016). Knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals: Contribution of individual and social capital factors. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 7, 65–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joardar, A., Kostova, T., & Ravlin, E. C. (2007). An experimental study of the acceptance of a foreign newcomer into a workgroup. Journal of International Management, 13, 513–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jyoti, J., & Kour, S. (2015). Assessing the cultural intelligence and task performance equation: Mediating role of cultural adjustment. Cross Cultural Management, 22, 236–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanten, P. (2014). The effect of cultural intelligence on career competencies and customer-oriented service behaviors. Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 43, 100–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klafehn, J., Li, C., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2013). To know or not to know, is that the question? Exploring the role and assessment of metacognition in cross-cultural contexts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 963–991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konanahalli, A., Oyedele, L. O., Spillane, J., Coates, R., von Meding, J., & Ebohon, J. (2014). Cross-cultural intelligence (CQ) It’s impact on British expatriate adjustment on international construction projects. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 7, 423–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L.-Y. (2010). Multiple intelligences and the success of expatriation: The roles of contingency variables. African Journal of Business Management, 4, 3793–3804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L.-Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 963–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L.-Y., Veasna, S., & Sukoco, B. M. (2014). The antecedents of cultural effectiveness of expatriation: moderating effects of psychological contracts. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 52, 215–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y.-T., Masuda, A., Fu, X., & Reiche, S. (2018). Navigating between home, host, and global: Consequences of multicultural team members’ identity configurations. Academy of Management Discoveries, 2, 180-201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y.-C., Chen, A. S., & Song, Y.-C. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 541–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lisak, A., & Erez, M. (2015). Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics. Journal of World Business, 50, 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malek, M. A., & Budhwar, P. (2013). Cultural intelligence as a predictor of expatriate adjustment and performance in Malaysia. Journal of World Business, 48, 222–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mannor, M. J. (2008). Top executives and global leadership: At the intersection of cultural intelligence and strategic leadership theory. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 91–106). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, J. (2016). Toward a conceptual model of global leadership. The IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 38–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mor, S., Morris, M. W., & Joh, J. (2013). Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills: The crucial role of cultural metacognition. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 12, 453–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). Developing global leaders: The role of international experience and cultural intelligence. Advances in Global Leadership, 5, 225–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, A. C., Van Dyne, L., & Oh, K. (2015). The influence of motivational cultural intelligence on cultural effectiveness based on study abroad: The moderating role of participant’s cultural identity. Journal of Management Education, 39, 572–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Presbitero, A. (2016). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in virtual, cross-cultural interactions: Generalizability of measure and links to personality dimensions and task performance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remhof, S., Gunkel, M., & Schlägel, C. (2013). Working in the “global village”: The influence of cultural intelligence on the intention to work abroad. German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, 27, 224–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond general intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ): The role of cultural intelligence (CQ) on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 825–840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, M., & Miller, G. (2008). Cultural intelligence: A key success factor for expatriates. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 107–125). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, D. (2016). Cultural intelligence as an important attribute of global managers. International Business and Global Economy, 35, 295–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sri Ramalu, S., Che Rose, R., Kumar, N., & Uli, J. (2010). Doing business in global arena: An examination of the relationship between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 15, 79–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoermer, S., Davies, S., & Froese, F. J. (2017). Expatriates’ cultural intelligence, embeddedness and knowledge sharing: A multilevel analysis. Academy of Management Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2017.155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoermer, S., Haslberger, A., Froese, F. J., & Kraeh, A. L. (2018). Person-environment fit and expatriate job satisfaction. Thunderbird International Business Review, 60, 851–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tay, C., Westman, M., & Chia, A. (2008). Antecedents and consequences of cultural intelligence among short-term business travelers. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 126–144). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Templer, K., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group and Organization Management, 31, 154–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., & Lazarova, M. B. (2006). Expatriate adjustment and performance: A critical review. In G. H. Stahl & I. Björkman (Eds.), Handbook of research in international human resource management (pp. 247–264). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J.-L., Pekerti, A. A., Ravlin, E. C., et al. (2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46, 1099–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., & Peterson, M. F. (2017). Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuan, L. T. (2016). From cultural intelligence to supply chain performance. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 27, 95–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuguz, K., Samra, R. A., & Almallah, I. (2015). An exploratory study of the impact of cultural intelligence on conflict management styles: Evidence from Jordan. Middle East Journal of Business, 10, 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderPal, G. (2014). Global leadership, IQ and global quotient. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 15, 120–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., Wilson, J., & Fischer, R. (2011). Assessing the predictive validity of cultural intelligence over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 138–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, P.-C., & Ang, S. H. (2011). The impact of expatriate supporting practices and cultural intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment and performance of expatriates in Singapore. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 2683–2702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. (2013). Expatriate development for cross-cultural adjustment: Effects of cultural distance and cultural intelligence. Human Resource Development Review, 12, 177–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuan Liao .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Liao, Y., Thomas, D.C. (2020). Individual and Interpersonal Outcomes of Cultural Intelligence. In: Cultural Intelligence in the World of Work. Springer Series in Emerging Cultural Perspectives in Work, Organizational, and Personnel Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18171-0_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics