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Primary Hypertension

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Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

Abstract

With the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide, children and adolescents are more frequently diagnosed with primary/essential hypertension (HTN), mostly related to overweight/obesity, abnormal fat mass distribution (central obesity), increased fructose/salt intake, and decreased physical activity (PA). The consequences of elevated blood pressure (BP) include vascular lesions, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and other target organ damages (TODs), which may be reversible if hypertension is diagnosed and treated early in the development of the disease. As primary hypertension (PH) is considered as a disease of premature vascular aging associated with neuro-, immuno-, and metabolic abnormalities, a multi-targeted non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapy is recommended and attempted, which is however frequently hindered by patients’ noncompliance. As high/untreated BP in childhood has detrimental effects on cardiovascular health in hypertensive children who often become hypertensive adults due to the tracking phenomenon, we advocate that primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality starts early in the development of the disease, that is, as soon as hypertension is detected in children and adolescents.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Janusz Feber

  2. Department of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland

    Mieczysław Litwin

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  1. Janusz Feber
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Correspondence to Janusz Feber .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Head of Pediatrics Department, Hospital General Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Empar Lurbe

  2. Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Elke Wühl

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Feber, J., Litwin, M. (2019). Primary Hypertension. In: Lurbe, E., Wühl, E. (eds) Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18167-3_7

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