Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

From Pregnancy to Childhood and Adulthood: The Trajectory of Hypertension

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 565 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter highlights the seminal observations of Barker that led to the concept of developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD). Early life environment with a focus on maternal malnutrition and its association with future cardiovascular disease are discussed. The association of birth weight with blood pressure (BP) is considered, and the importance of childhood obesity as a modifier is highlighted. The role of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain and other risk factors with childhood BP are discussed. Finally, data observing differences between individuals for changes in adiposity and BP over their lifetime are discussed from trajectory studies. A key message is that the development of BP through lifetime remains complex with several risk factors and modifiers identifiable through pregnancy, infancy, childhood and subsequently. Large life-course studies of parent-child pairs offer an opportunity to improve our understanding of the development of hypertension.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Barker DJ, Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet. 1986;1(8489):1077–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Barker DJ, Winter PD, Osmond C, Margetts B, Simmonds SJ. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1989;2(8663):577–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owens JA, Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet. 1993;341(8850):938–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barker DJ. The fetal and infant origins of adult disease. BMJ. 1990;301:1111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Barker DJ. Mothers, babies, and health in later life. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Nilsson PM, Lurbe E, Laurent S. The early life origins of vascular ageing and cardiovascular risk: the EVA syndrome. J Hypertens. 2008;26(6):1049–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. Ciba Found Symp. 1991;156:38–50. discussion 50-5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gillman MW, Barker D, Bier D, Cagampang F, Challis J, Fall C, Godfrey K, Gluckman P, Hanson M, Kuh D, Nathanielsz P, Nestel P, Thornburg KL. Meeting report on the 3rd international congress on developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). Pediatr Res. 2007;61(5 Pt 1):625–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009;27(5):358–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(1):61–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Roseboom TJ, Painter RC, van Abeelen AF, Veenendaal MV, de Rooij SR. Hungry in the womb: what are the consequences? Lessons from the Dutch famine. Maturitas. 2011;70(2):141–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stein AD, Zybert PA, Van dP-d BK, Lumey LH. Exposure to famine during gestation, size at birth, and blood pressure at age 59 y: evidence from the Dutch famine. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21(10):759–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Roseboom TJ, van der Meulen JH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Ravelli AC, Schroeder-Tanka JM, van Montfrans GA, Michels RP, Bleker OP. Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 1944–45. Heart. 2000;84:595–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. van Abeelen AFM, Elias S, Bossuyt P, Grobbee D, van der Schouw Y, Roseboom C, Uiterwaal C. Cardiovascular consequences of famine in the young. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:538–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jamshidi Y, Gibson P, Ray KK. Undernutrition in adolescence and risk of cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(4):433–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kett MM, Denton KM. Maternal obesity: bad for baby’s future. Hypertension. 2013;62(3):457–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307:491–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Heslehurst N, Rankin J, Wilkinson JR, Summerbell CD. A nationally representative study of maternal obesity in England, UK: trends in incidence and demographic inequalities in 619 323 births, 1989–2007. Int J Obes. 2010;34(3):420–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gaillard R, Durmuş B, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW. Risk factors and outcomes of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Obesity. 2013;21(5):1046–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Poston L, Harthoorn LF, Van Der Beek EM, Contributors to the ILSI Europe Workshop. Obesity in pregnancy: implications for the mother and lifelong health of the child. A consensus statement. Pediatr Res. 2011;69(2):175–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Reynolds RM, Allan KM, Raja EA, Bhattacharya S, McNeill G, Hannaford PC, Sarwar N, Lee AJ, Bhattacharya S, Norman JE. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years. BMJ. 2013;347:f4539.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Fraser A, Tilling K, Macdonald-Wallis C, Sattar N, Brion MJ, Benfield L, Ness A, Deanfield J, Hingorani A, Nelson SM, Smith GD, Lawlor DA. Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood. Circulation. 2010;121(23):2557–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301(6):636–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Johansson S, Villamor E, Altman M, Bonamy AK, Granath F, Cnattingius S. Maternal overweight and obesity in early pregnancy and risk of infant mortality: a population based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ. 2014;349:g6572.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Gaillard R. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30(11):1141–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Frankel S, Elwood P, Sweetnam P, Yarnell J, Davey Smith G. Birthweight, body mass index in middle-age, and incident coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1996;348:1478–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Leon DA, Koupilova I, Lithell HO, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vagero D, Lithell U-B, McKeigue PM. Failure to realise growth potential in utero and adult obesity in relation to blood pressure in 50-year-old Swedish men. BMJ. 1996;312:401–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Barker DJP, Osmond C, Forsén TJ, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1802–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Whincup PH. Fetal origins of cardiovascular risk: evidence from studies in children. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998;57(1):123–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Law CM, Shiell AW. Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens. 1996;14:935–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CM. The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens. 2000;18(7):815–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schluchter MD. Publication bias and heterogeneity in the relationship between systolic blood pressure, birth weight, and catch-up growth--a meta analysis. J Hypertens. 2003;21(2):273–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wen X, Triche EW, Hogan JW, Shenassa ED, Buka SL. Association between placental morphology and childhood systolic blood pressure. Hypertension. 2011;57(1):48–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shankaran S, Das A, Bauer CR, Bada H, Lester B, Wright L, Higgins R, Poole K. Fetal origin of childhood disease—intrauterine growth restriction in term infants and risk for hypertension at 6 years of age. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:977–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lurbe E, Garcia-Vicent C, Torro I, Fayos JL, Aguilar F, de Lano JM, Fuertes G, Redon J. First-year blood pressure increase steepest in low birthweight newborns. J Hypertens. 2007;25:81–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lurbe E, Torro I, Rodríguez C, Alvarez V, Redón J. Birth weight influences blood pressure values and variability in children and adolescents. Hypertension. 2001;38(3):389–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lurbe E, Torró I, Alvarez V, Aguilar F, Redon J. The impact of birth weight on pulse pressure during adolescence. Blood Press Monit. 2004;9(4):187–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. de Jong F, Monuteaux MC, van Elburg RM, Gillman MW, Belfort MB. Systematic review and meta-analysis of preterm birth and later systolic blood pressure. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):226–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lurbe E, Garcia-Vicent C, Torro MI, Aguilar F, Redon J. Associations of birth weight and postnatal weight gain with cardiometabolic risk parameters at 5 years of age. Hypertension. 2014;63(6):1326–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sinaiko A, Donahue RP, Jacobs DR, Prineas RJ. Relation of weight and rate of increase in weight during childhood and adolescence to body size, blood pressure, fasting insulin, and lipids in young adults. The Minneapolis Children’s blood pressure study. Circulation. 1999;99:1471–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Changes in metabolic syndrome variables since childhood in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects the Bogalusa heart study. Hypertension. 2006;48:33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Horta BL, Barros FC, Victora CG, Cole TJ. Early and late growth and blood pressure in adolescence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(3):226–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Chiolero A, Paradis G, Madeleine G, Hanley JA, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Birth weight, weight change, and blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a school-based multiple cohort study. J Hypertens. 2011;29(10):1871–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Poston L. Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain and diet as determinants of offspring long term health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26:627–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Yu Z, Han S, Zhu J, Sun X, Ji C, Guo X. Pre-pregnancy body mass index in relation to infant birth weight and offspring overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Gaudet L, Ferraro ZM, Wen SW, Walker M. Maternal obesity and occurrence of fetal macrosomia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:640291.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Ludwig DS, Currie J. The association between pregnancy weight gain and birthweight: a within-family comparison. Lancet. 2010;376(9745):984–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Tie HT, Xia YY, Zeng YS, et al. Risk of childhood overweight or obesity associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(2):247–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tequeanes AL, Gigante DP, Assuncao MC, Chica DA, Horta BL. Maternal anthropometry is associated with the body mass index and waist:height ratio of offspring at 23 years of age. J Nutr. 2009;139:750–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Reynolds RM, Osmond C, Phillips DI, Godfrey KM. Maternal BMI, parity, and pregnancy weight gain: influences on offspring adiposity in young adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5365–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schack-Nielsen L, Michaelsen KF, Gamborg M, Mortensen EL, Sorensen TI. Gestational weight gain in relation to offspring body mass index and obesity from infancy through adulthood. Int J Obes. 2010;34:67–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Woo Baidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(6):761–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Weng SF, Redsell SA, Swift JA, Yang M, Glazebrook CP. Systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for childhood overweight identifiable during infancy. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(12):1019–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Oken E, Levitan EB, Gillman MW. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2008;32(2):201–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 2017;356:j1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Patro B, Liber A, Zalewski B, Poston L, Szajewska H, Koletzko B. Maternal and paternal body mass index and offspring obesity: a systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63(1–2):32–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kivimäki M, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Elovainio M, Jokela M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT. Substantial intergenerational increases in body mass index are not explained by the fetal overnutrition hypothesis: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1509–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jääskeläinen A, Pussinen J, Nuutinen O, Schwab U, Pirkola J, Kolehmainen M, Järvelin MR, Laitinen J. Intergenerational transmission of overweight among Finnish adolescents and their parents: a 16-year follow-up study. Int J Obes. 2011;35:1289–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Davis EF, Lazdam M, Lewandowski AJ, Worton SA, Kelly B, Kenworthy Y, Adwani S, Wilkinson AR, McCormick K, Sargent I, Redman C, Leeson P. Cardiovascular risk factors in children and young adults born to preeclamptic pregnancies: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2012;129(6):e1552–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brion MJ, Leary SD, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ness AR. Modifiable maternal exposures and offspring blood pressure: a review of epidemiological studies of maternal age, diet, and smoking. Pediatr Res. 2008;63(6):593–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Aceti A, Santhakumaran S, Logan KM, Philipps LH, Prior E, Gale C, Hyde MJ, Modi N. The diabetic pregnancy and offspring blood pressure in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2012;55(11):3114–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lawlor DA, Najman JM, Sterne J, Williams GM, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Associations of parental, birth, and early life characteristics with systolic blood pressure at 5 years of age: findings from the mater-university study of pregnancy and its outcomes. Circulation. 2004;110:2417–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Oken E, Taveras EM, Kleinman KP, Rich-Edwards JW, Gillman MW. Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:322.e1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Mamun AA, O’Callaghan M, Callaway L, Williams G, Najman J, Lawlor DA. Associations of gestational weight gain with offspring body mass index and blood pressure at 21 years of age: evidence from a birth cohort study. Circulation. 2009;119(13):1720–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fraser A, Tilling K, Macdonald-Wallis C, et al. Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood. Circulation. 2010;121(23):2557–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Wen X, Triche EW, Hogan JW, Shenassa ED, Buka SL. Prenatal factors for childhood blood pressure mediated by intrauterine and/or childhood growth? Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):e713–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Hochner H, Friedlander Y, Calderon-Margalit R, Meiner V, Sagy Y, Avgil-Tsadok M, Burger A, Savitsky B, Siscovick DS, Manor O. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with adult offspring cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jerusalem perinatal family Followup study. Circulation. 2012;125:1381–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Dello Russo M, Ahrens W, De Vriendt T, Marild S, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Reeske A, Veidebaum T, Kourides YA, Barba G, Siani A, IDEFICS Consortium. Gestational weight gain and adiposity, fat distribution, metabolic profile, and blood pressure in offspring: the IDEFICS project. Int J Obes. 2013;37(7):914–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Perng W, Gillman MW, Mantzoros CS, Oken E. A prospective study of maternal prenatal weight and offspring cardiometabolic health in midchildhood. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(11):793–800 e1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Daraki V, Georgiou V, Papavasiliou S, Chalkiadaki G, Karahaliou M, Koinaki S, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Metabolic profile in early pregnancy is associated with offspring adiposity at 4 years of age: the Rhea pregnancy cohort Crete, Greece. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126327.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gademan MG, van Eijsden M, Roseboom TJ, van der Post JA, Stronks K, Vrijkotte TG. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and their children’s blood pressure and resting cardiac autonomic balance at age 5 to 6 years. Hypertension. 2013;62(3):641–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Oostvogels AJ, Stronks K, Roseboom TJ, van der Post JA, van Eijsden M, Vrijkotte TG. Maternal prepregnancy BMI, offspring’s early postnatal growth, and metabolic profile at age 5–6 years: the ABCD study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3845–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gaillard R, Steegers EA, Duijts L, Felix JF, Hofman A, Franco OH, Jaddoe VW. Childhood cardiometabolic outcomes of maternal obesity during pregnancy: the generation R study. Hypertension. 2014;63(4):683–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gaillard R, Steegers EA, Franco OH, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW. Maternal weight gain in different periods of pregnancy and childhood cardio-metabolic outcomes. The generation R study. Int J Obes. 2015;39(4):677–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gaillard R, Welten M, Oddy WH, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Jaddoe VW, Huang RC. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescent offspring: a prospective cohort study. BJOG. 2016;123(2):207–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sackmann R, Wingens M. Social dynamics of the life course: transitions, institutions, and interrelations. Aldine de Gruyter: Hawthorne, NY; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Nagin DS, Odgers CL. Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:109–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Howe LD, Firestone R, Tilling K, Lawlor DA. Trajectories and transitions in childhood and adolescent obesity. In: Burton-Jeangros C, Cullati S, Sacker A, Blane D, editors. A life course perspective on health trajectories and transitions. Cham (CH): Springer; 2015. Chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Huang RC, de Klerk NH, Smith A, Kendall GE, Landau LI, Mori TA, Newnham JP, Stanley FJ, Oddy WH, Hands B, Beilin LJ. Lifecourse childhood adiposity trajectories associated with adolescent insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1019–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Ziyab AH, Karmaus W, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Zhang H, Arshad SH. Developmental trajectories of body mass index from infancy to 18 years of age: prenatal determinants and health consequences. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(10):934–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Huang RC, Burrows S, Mori TA, Oddy WH, Beilin LJ. Lifecourse adiposity and blood pressure between birth and 17 years old. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(8):1056–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wills AK, Lawlor DA, Muniz-Terrera G, Matthews F, Cooper R, Ghosh AK, Kuh D, Hardy R, FALCon Study Team. Population heterogeneity in trajectories of midlife blood pressure. Epidemiology. 2012;23:203–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Theodore RF, Broadbent J, Nagin D, Ambler A, Hogan S, Ramrakha S, Cutfield W, Williams MJ, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Milne B, Poulton R. Childhood to early-midlife systolic blood pressure trajectories: early-life predictors, effect modifiers, and adult cardiovascular outcomes. Hypertension. 2015;66(6):1108–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges financial support from the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facilities awards to Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London and King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.

Conflicts of interest: None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guys & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Manish D. Sinha

  2. Kings College London, London, UK

    Manish D. Sinha

Authors
  1. Manish D. Sinha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manish D. Sinha .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Head of Pediatrics Department, Hospital General Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Empar Lurbe

  2. Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Elke Wühl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sinha, M.D. (2019). From Pregnancy to Childhood and Adulthood: The Trajectory of Hypertension. In: Lurbe, E., Wühl, E. (eds) Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18167-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18167-3_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18166-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18167-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation