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Sensibility and Understanding in the Epistemological Thought of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

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Feminist History of Philosophy: The Recovery and Evaluation of Women’s Philosophical Thought

Abstract

In this chapter, I focus on the faculties by which we gain knowledge, namely, sensibility and the understanding, as well as on the methodological framework within which Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz examines them. I stress the importance that the author gives to sensibility and the physiological apparatus that grounds and explains sensation.

With respect to her conception of understanding, I will show that it is both the sign of man’s filiation with God and a faculty that displays deficiencies and limitations with respect to the difficult task of attaining knowledge.

Finally, I examine Sor Juana’s criticism both of the Neoplatonic method, which looks for a vision of the universe as a whole (via the conceptual capacity to establish the links among all beings), as well as of the deductive method of the Aristotelian- Scholastic tradition, which attempts (through the categories and definitions, and via proximate genus and specific difference) to reduce the unmanageable diversity of beings to some specific characteristics and laws.

My conclusion is that Sor Juana shares with modern philosophers the critical attitude against tradition; she holds that traditional methods do not enable us to reach knowledge about either the remotest causes or the closest effects. On my view, Sor Juana takes an epistemological approach to philosophy, as do Bacon and Descartes, but she does not propose a new method; this is not because of some radical skepticism on her part, but because of the enormity of the task of the human mind achieving complete knowledge.

All poems will be identified by the widely-used numbering system which first appeared in the standard edition of Sor Juana’s works, Obras completas de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, ed. Alfonso Méndez Plancartes (vols. 1, 2 and 3) and Alberto Salceda (vol. 4), 4 vols. (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economico, 1951–57.) Shorter poems take their titles from their first lines. The English translations of Sor Juana’s poems are mine, unless otherwise noted.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ‘En perseguirme mundo ¿qué interesas?,’ #146.

  2. 2.

    ‘Rosa divina que en gentil cultura,’ # 147.

  3. 3.

    ‘Este, que ves, engaño colorido,’ #145.

  4. 4.

    ‘Finjamos que soy feliz,’ #2.

  5. 5.

    ‘Supuesto discurso mío,’ #4.

  6. 6.

    A romance is a Spanish ballad, in octosyllabic meter and with an alternate assonant rhyme scheme. They typically have a narrative content.

  7. 7.

    A silva is a poem that mixes seven- and eleven-syllable lines; there is no set rhyme scheme or stanza length. El Sueño, #216, in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 1, 335–59; the translation of passages from this poem used in this chapter are from A Sor Juana Anthology, tr. Alan S. Trueblood (Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 1988).

  8. 8.

    Crisis de un sermón, Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4; it appears here under the title, Carta Atenagórica (The Athenagoric Letter). An English translation can be found in Franchón Royer, The Tenth Muse (Paterson, N.J.: St. Anthony Guild Press, 1952), 86–120.

  9. 9.

    La Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz, in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4. The English translation of this work that is used in this chapter is from the widely available bilingual edition, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, The Answer/La Repuesta, including a Selection of Poems, ed. and trans. Electa Arenal and Amanda Powell (New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1994).

  10. 10.

    Mary Christine Morkowsky, ‘Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz’ in A History of Women Philosophers (1600–1900), ed. Mary Ellen Waithe, 4 vols. (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991), vol. 3, 59.

  11. 11.

    Ramón Xirau, Genio y figura de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Buenos Aires: EUDEBA, 1970), 17.

  12. 12.

    The letter was given this name by Monsenior Fernández de Santa Cruz who thought that, because of the clarity of the argumentation, the text was worthy of the goddess Athena.

  13. 13.

    María del Carmen Rovira, ‘Lo filosófico y lo teológico en Sor Juana’ in Cuadernos de Sor Juana, ed. Margarita Peña (México: Dirección de Literatura, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1995), 115.

  14. 14.

    Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4, 447 (lines 312–15); Sor Juana, The Answer/La Respuesta, 53.

  15. 15.

    Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4, 450 (lines 408–17); Sor Juana, The Answer/La Respuesta, 57.

  16. 16.

    For more specific information see: Ignacio Osorio, La luz imaginaria. Epistolario de Atansio Kircher con los novohispanos (México: Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1993).

  17. 17.

    Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4, 450 (lines 417–24); Sor Juana, The Answer/La Respuesta, 58–59.

  18. 18.

    René Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes, ed. Charles Adam & Paul Tannery (Paris: Vrin,1996), vol. X, 360; The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, ed. and trans. John Cottingham et al., 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 1, 9. The translation is mine.

  19. 19.

    Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4, 443 (lines 131–34); Sor Juana, The Answer/La Respuesta, 45.

  20. 20.

    Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4, 458 (lines 736–45); Sor Juana, The Answer/La Respuesta, 73.

  21. 21.

    The phrase ‘aparatosa máquina del mundo’ is from Primero Sueño in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 1, 339 (line 165); A Sor Juana Anthology, 175.

  22. 22.

    The phrase ‘los más manüales; efectos naturales’ is from Primero Sueño in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 4, 353 (lines 710–11); A Sor Juana Anthology, 189.

  23. 23.

    ‘Finjamos que soy feliz,’ #2, in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 1, 5.

  24. 24.

    Ibid., 6.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Ibid., 6–7.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 7–8.

  29. 29.

    ‘Este que ves, engaño colorido,’ #145, in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 1, 277.

  30. 30.

    Ibid. The translation is from A Sor Juana Anthology, tr. Alan S. Trueblood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), 95.

  31. 31.

    Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 1, 277. The translation is from A Sor Juana Anthology, 95.

  32. 32.

    ‘Supuesto, discurso mío,’ #4, in Sor Juana, Obras completas, vol. 1, 18.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., 19.

  34. 34.

    Cited in Elías Trabulse, El círculo roto (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1984), 74–75. The original quotation is in the first biographical sketch of Sor Juna, which appears in Diego Calleja’s ‘Aprobacíon del Reverndissimo Padre Diego Calleja, de la Compañía de Jesus,’ in Fama y obras póstumas del fénix de México (Madrid: Manuel Ruiz de Murga, 1700), n.p.

  35. 35.

    Some authors have read the poem from a more psychological point of view, e.g., Ludwig Pfandl, while others have underlined Sor Juana’s contact with the magic tradition, e.g., Elías Trabulse, who considers that: “The interpretations that have wished to see in this work an expression of philosophical knowledge have gotten closer to its meaning since, in reality, it is about knowledge, not philosophical, but scientific knowledge of the world, although we must make clear here that the word ‘scientific’ doesn’t have the connotations we give it nowadays. It is about scientific knowledge in the way hermetic philosophers conceived it in the 16th and 17th centuries, annexed to what is currently known as the magic tradition.’ (Elías Trabulse, El círculo roto, 82). (See also, Ludwig Pfandl, Juana Inés de la Cruz, die zehnte Muse von Mexico: Ihr Leben, ihre Dichtung, ihre Psyche (Munich: H. Rinn, 1946). Another view is provided by Octavio Paz, who reads First Dream as a poem which, while it does not provide an account of how genuine knowledge can be achieved, nonetheless provides us with the knowledge of why Aristotelian and Neoplatonic epistemolgies fail; see his Sor Juana or, The Traps of Faith, tr. Margaret Sayers Peden (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988). On Jose Pascual Buxo’s view, Sor Juana’s poem is, above all, a piece of literature that contains diverse emblems to be disclosed; see his ‘El sueño de Sor Juana: Alegoría y modelo del mundo’ in Sábado (August 15, 1981). Finally, Alfonso Méndez Plancarte considers Sor Juana’s poem through the lens of the history of literature; see his El sueño (Mexico City: Imprenta Univesitaria, 1951).

  36. 36.

    An auto sacramental is an allegorical or religious play.

  37. 37.

    ‘Sor Juana, ‘In pursuing me World, what do you gain?’, # 146 in Obras completas, vol. 1, 278: ‘vanidades de la vida.’

  38. 38.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 337 (lines 80–5): ‘El viento sosegado, el can dormido, /éste yace, aquél quedo/los átomos no mueve,/con el susurro hacer temiendo leve, /aunque poco sacrílego ruido,/violador del silencio sosegado.’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 173.

  39. 39.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 337 (lines 89–92): ‘y los dormidos, siempre mudos, peces/en los lechos lamosos/de sus obscuros senos cavernosos, /mudos eran dos veces;’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 173.

  40. 40.

    In this line Sor Juana uses a play on words that cannot be captured directly in English. The word ‘fiel’ in Spanish means both ‘needle’ and ‘faithful.’ Her phrase ‘fiel infiel’ therefore signifies both the duality faithful/unfaithful and a needle on a scale that points sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another.

  41. 41.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 339 (lines 160–5): ‘que la Naturaleza siempre alterna /ya una, ya otra balanza,/distribuyendo varios ejercicios,/ya al ocio, ya al trabajo destinados,/en el fiel infiel con que gobierna/la aparatosa máquina del mundo’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 175.

  42. 42.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 340 (lines 192–200): ‘El alma, pues, suspensa/ del exterior gobierno,–en que ocupada/en material empleo, /o bien o mal da el día por gastado–,/solamente dispensa /remota, si del todo separada/no, a los de muerte temporal opresos/lánguidos miembros, sosegados huesos,/los gajes del calor vegetativo,’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 176.

  43. 43.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 340 (lines 201–209): ‘El cuerpo siendo, en sosegada calma,/un cadáver con alma,/muerto a la vida y a la muerte vivo,/de lo segundo dando tardas señas/el del reloj humano/vital volante que, si no con mano,/con arterial concierto, unas pequeñas /muestras, pulsando, manifiesta lento/de su bien regulado movimiento.’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 176.

  44. 44.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 340 (lines 210–219): ‘Este, pues, miembro rey y centro vivo/ de espíritus vitales,/con su asociado respirante fuelle/—pulmón, que imán del viento es atractivo,/que en movimientos nunca desiguales/o comprimiendo ya, o ya dilatando/el musculoso, claro arcaduz blando,/hace que en él resuelle /el que le circunscribe fresco ambiente/que impele ya caliente,’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 176–77.

  45. 45.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 341–42 (lines 252–266): ‘ésta, pues, si no fragua de Vulcano,/templada hoguera del calor humano,/al cerebro envïaba/ húmedos, más tan claros los vapores/de los atemperados cuatro humores,/que con ellos no sólo no empañaba/los simulacros que la estimativa /dió a la imaginativa/y aquésta, por custodia más segura,/en forma ya más pura/entregó a la memoria que, oficiosa,/grabó tenaz y guarda cuidadosa,/sino que daban a la fantasía/lugar de que formase/imágenes diversas.’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 177–78.

  46. 46.

    Galen is called the ‘founder of the theory of the humors,’ since he systematized ideas of prior philosophers, such as Hippocrates, Praxagoras, Herophilus and Athenaeus about the four elements and the humors of blood, lymph, pituitary and bile. More specifically, Galen considered that ‘the overabundance or alteration of the humors produces all illnesses.’ (Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano Americano, ed. Monataner y Simón, 25 vols. (Barcelona, 1887–1899); ed. Walter Jackson (New York: Ferris Printing Company, 1941), vol. XI, 516).

  47. 47.

    “The Latin word ‘specie’ has another meaning in scholastic philosophy. It signifies, as Saint Thomas says, not the quod of knowledge (a thing that we know), but the quo (the means that we use to know). See St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, ed. P. Caramello (Turin/Rome: Marietti, 1950), vol. VII, 817.

  48. 48.

    For the Scholastics:

    The singular object affects the external senses. Because of its action or own will the singular object makes an impact on the activity of the senses and so forms the impressed species. At the same time, the impressed specie continues acting upon the inner sense (imagination) and of this commerce results the expressed species or sensation. Both impressed and expressed species are exclusive works of sensibility and from them begins intellect’s job…. The understanding agent is put into action in relation with the impressed phantom of the inner sense…. Stripped of this image by will of the understanding agent, of all its physical attributes and material conditions, the species is transformed from sensitive to intelligible over which the enduring understanding acts. (Ibid.)

  49. 49.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 342 (lines 280–91): ‘…ella, [la fantasía] sosegada, iba copiando/las imágenes todas de las cosas,/y el pincel invisible iba formando /de mentales, sin luz, siempre vistosas/colores, las figuras/no sólo ya de todas las criaturas /sublunares, más aun también de aquéllas/que intelectuales claras son Estrellas,/y en el modo posible/ que concebirse puede lo invisible,/en si, mañosa, las representaba /y al alma las mostraba.’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 178.

  50. 50.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 342–43 (lines 292–305): ‘La cual, [el alma] en tanto, toda convertida/a su inmaterial Ser y esencia bella,/aquella contemplaba,/ participada de alto Ser, centella/que con similitud en sí gozaba;/y juzgándose casi dividida/de aquella que impedida/siempre la tiene, corporal cadena,/que grosera embaraza y torpe impide/el vuelo intelectual con que ya mide/la cuantidad inmensa de la Esfera,/ya el curso considera /regular, con que giran desiguales/los cuerpos celestiales’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 178–79.

  51. 51.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 345 (lines 404–11): ‘que como sube en piramidal punta/al Cielo la ambiciosa llama ardiente,/así la humana mente/su figura trasunta,/y la Causa Primera siempre aspira,/−−céntrico punto donde recta tira/la línea, si ya no circunferencia,/que contiene, infinita, toda esencia–,’ A Sor Juana Anthoglogy, 181.

  52. 52.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 346 (lines 435–53): ‘En cuya casi elevación inmensa,/gozosa más suspensa,/suspensa pero ufana,/y atónita aunque ufana, la suprema/de lo sublunar reina soberana,/la vista perspicaz, libre de anteojos,/de sus intelectuales bellos ojos,/(sin que distancia tema/ni de obstáculo opaco se recele,/de que interpuesto algún objeto cele),/libre tendió por todo lo crïado:/cuyo inmenso agregado,/cúmulo incomprensible, /aunque a la vista quiso manifiesto/dar señas de posible,/a la comprensión no, que—entorpecida/con la sobra de objetos, y excedida /de la grandeza de ellos su potencia−−/retrocedió cobarde.’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 182.

  53. 53.

    René Descartes, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in Oeuvres de Descartes, vol. VII.

  54. 54.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 347 (line 471): ‘tanta maquinosa pesadumbre.’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 183.

  55. 55.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 347 (lines 480–84): ‘y por mirarlo todo, nada vía, /ni discernir podía/ (bota la facultad intelectiva/en tanta, tan difusa/ incomprensible especie que miraba…)’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 183.

  56. 56.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 349 (lines 576–94): ‘más juzgó conveniente/a singular asunto reducirse,/o separadamente/una por una discurrir las cosas/ que vienen a ceñirse /en las que artificiosas /dos veces cinco son Categorías; /reducción metafísica que enseña/(los entes concibiendo generales/en sólo unas mentales fantasías/donde de la materia se desdeña/el discurso abstraído)/ciencia a formar de los universales,/reparando, advertido,/con el arte el defecto/de no poder con un intüitivo/conocer acto todo lo crïado,/sino que, haciendo escala, de un concepto/en otro va ascendiendo grado a grado…’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 185–86.

  57. 57.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 352 (line 673): ‘última perfección de lo crïado’; A Sor Juana Anthology, 188.

  58. 58.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 352:‘el Hombre, digo, en fin, mayor portento/que discurre el humano entendimiento;/compendio que absoluto/parece al ángel, a la planta, al bruto;’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 188.

  59. 59.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 354 (lines 757–60; 770–80): ‘Pues si a un objeto solo, −repetía/tímido el Pensamiento−−/huye el conocimiento/y cobarde el discurso se desvía/…/¿cómo en tan espantosa /máquina inmensa discurrir pudiera,/cuyo terrible incomportable peso/−−si ya en su centro mismo no estribara—/de Atlante a las espaldas agobiara,/de Alcides a las fuerzas excediera; /y el que fué de la Esfera /bastante contrapeso,/ pesada menos, menos poderosa/su máquina juzgara, que la empresa/de investigar a la Naturaleza?’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 190.

  60. 60.

    Sor Juana, Primero sueño, in Obras completas, vol. 1, 359 (lines 974–5): ‘…quedando a luz más cierta/ el Mundo iluminado, y yo despierta.’ A Sor Juana Anthology, 195.

  61. 61.

    Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Teatro de virtudes políticas, in Obras de Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, ed. Francisco Pérez de Salazar (México: Sociedad de Bibliófilos Mexicanos, 1928), 38: ‘su peregrino ingenio…se acabará con el mundo.’

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Benítez, L. (2019). Sensibility and Understanding in the Epistemological Thought of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. In: O’Neill, E., Lascano, M.P. (eds) Feminist History of Philosophy: The Recovery and Evaluation of Women’s Philosophical Thought. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18118-5_4

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