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Pathogenic Mechanisms of Uropathogens

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The Role of Bacteria in Urology

Abstract

Uropathogens utilize a number of virulence mechanisms to enter and cause infection within the urinary tract. These factors promote bacterial colonization, survival and persistence and can greatly affect the degree of infection, duration and severity. Collectively, they target both host and pathogen, and several perform multiple functions across various cell types. While no one virulence factor (VF) is absolutely required for UTI development, research supports that a minimum threshold of factors promoting adherence, replication and immune evasion must be present to avoid rapid tract clearance. This review covers only a fraction of these factors and is focused almost entirely around uropathogenic strains of E. coli (UPEC), since they are responsible for the vast majority of community acquired UTIs. It illustrates the plethora of strategies uropathogens employ to colonize the host, evade its defences and thwart exogenous antimicrobial treatments, and highlights the need for novel and more targeted interventions, especially in complicated patients with indwelling devices and/or compromised immunity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    There are a number of highly prevalent antigens known as the Cromer blood group antigens that can be found on the host protein Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF), also known as CD55. One of these particular antigens (antigens can also be referred to as “epitopes”) is the Driori antigen (known as Dr). Since it was the first Dr antigen identified, it was given the superscript “a”. Of the Dr antigens, there is only Dra. Other members of the group possess multiple similar subtypes and as such are labeled a, b, c, etc. (Tca, Tcb, Tcc).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ER Department and OR Department, Alexandra Marine and General Hospital, Goderich, ON, Canada

    Kaylen O’Rourke

  2. School of Health Sciences, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada

    Peter A. Cadieux

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada

    Peter A. Cadieux

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  1. Kaylen O’Rourke
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  1. University of British Columbia, The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Jack Bell Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Dirk Lange

  2. University of British Columbia, The Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Jack Bell Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Kymora B. Scotland

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O’Rourke, K., Cadieux, P.A. (2019). Pathogenic Mechanisms of Uropathogens. In: Lange, D., Scotland, K. (eds) The Role of Bacteria in Urology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17542-9_3

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