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LPS Structure, Function, and Heterogeneity

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Endotoxin Detection and Control in Pharma, Limulus, and Mammalian Systems

Abstract

During the evolution of Gram-negative bacteria, their outermost and major membrane components, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the constituents of the so-called endotoxin, adapted to environmental changes. This helped pathogenic bacteria evade detection by the host immune system. The modifications were numerous and occurred in all three distinct LPS regions: lipid A, core, and O-chains.

In limited bacterial infections characterized by the presence of low LPS doses reaching bloodstream, the immune system responses are beneficial for the host and lead to the rapid clearing of pathogens. In contrast, in overwhelming infections, higher LPS doses lead to uncontrolled cytokine overproduction, and result in septic (endotoxic) shock, that is often lethal. This review describes the amazing diversity of these molecules, among genera, species and strains, and the high degree of their structural heterogeneity, together with the corresponding impact on their biological activities.

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Abbreviations

Ala:

alanine

Lys:

lysine

Ara4N:

4-amino-4deoxy-ß-L-arabinose

DAG:

2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose

DC:

dendritic cells

EA:

ethanolamine

FA:

fatty acid

GalN:

galactosamine

GalNA:

galactosaminuronic acid

Glc:

glucose

GlcN:

glucosamine

GlcNAc:

N-acetyl-glucosamine.

Gly:

glycine

Hep:

L-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose

IL:

Interleukin

Kdo:

3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid

Ko:

D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosylonate

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

LOS:

lipooligosaccharide

Man:

mannose

NO:

nitric oxide

PBS:

phosphate buffered saline

P:

phosphate

PEA:

phosphoethanolamine

PS:

polysaccharide

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TLC:

thin-layer chromatography

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Luis Augusto from I2BC, Paris-Saclay University, for his participation to testing TNF-α and IL-6 with some of the Bordetella LPS, and to Benjamin Gensburger, from LPS-BioSciences, for performing the SDS-PAGE analysis of the Bordetella LPS. Prof. Dr. Babatosh Das from Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India, is acknowledged for providing the different V. cholerae strains studied. Prof. Dr. David R. Bundle from University of Alberta, Canada, is acknowledged for his help at editing the manuscript.

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    Martine Caroff & Alexey Novikov

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  1. Martine Caroff
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    Kevin L. Williams

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Caroff, M., Novikov, A. (2019). LPS Structure, Function, and Heterogeneity. In: Williams, K. (eds) Endotoxin Detection and Control in Pharma, Limulus, and Mammalian Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17148-3_3

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