Skip to main content

A Journey Through the Landscapes of Language Education

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Challenging Boundaries in Language Education

Part of the book series: Second Language Learning and Teaching ((SLLT))

Abstract

This chapter shows how our understanding of (foreign) language teaching and teacher education has changed over the past few decades, and what the current beliefs and practices in relation to this issue are. To this end, the metaphor of “a journey through a landscape” of language teaching and teacher education is used. Our “guided tour” begins with the description of the landscape’s main “geographical” features: (a) clouds of academic ideas, representing the conceptual and empirical bases of foreign language teaching/learning and the relevance of academic research to language teachers; (b) the English Language Teaching world, including the shift from the traditional view of language teaching methods to the postmethod condition; and (c) language teacher education, reflecting a marked shift in teacher preparation programs from teacher training (teaching as a finite skill) to teacher education (teaching as a constantly evolving process of growth and change). Because all three features of the landscape are closely interrelated, they accentuate and benefit from each other. Through the analysis of these three features, we trace the evolution of (foreign) language teaching and teacher education as a field that is constantly in a state of change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akbari, R. (2008). Postmethod discourse and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 42(4), 641–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balboni, P. E. (2006). The epistemological nature of language teaching methodology. Perugia: Guerra Edizioni.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolinger, D. (1985). Foreword. In D. J. Bowen, H. Madsen, & A. Hilferty (Eds.), TESOL techniques and procedures (pp. vii–viii). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg, S. (2009). Language teacher cognition. In A. Burns & J. C. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education (pp. 163–171). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A., & Richards, J. C. (2009). Introduction: Second language teacher education. In A. Burns & J. C. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education (pp. 1–8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Snow, M. A. (Eds.). (2014). Teaching English as a second or foreign language (4th ed.). Boston, MA: National Geographic Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crookes, G. (2009). Values, philosophies and beliefs in TESOL: Making a statement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. (1999). Prologue: The future of Englishes. In C. Kennedy (Ed.), Innovation and best practice (pp. 9–22). Harlow: Longman in association with The British Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douthwaite, J. (1991). Teaching English as a foreign language. Torino: Societá Editrice Internazionale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duff, T. (1988). Introduction. In T. Duff (Ed.), Explorations in teacher training: Problems and issues (pp. v–vii). Harlow: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D. (2009). The scope of second language teacher education. In A. Burns & J. C. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education (pp. 11–19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, D., & Cornwell, S. (Eds.). (1993). New ways in teacher education. Alexandria, VA: TESOL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatenby, E. V. (1952). A direct method English course. London: Longmans, Green.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, K. (2009). The curriculum of second language teacher education. In A. Burns & J. C. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education (pp. 115–124). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. (2010). The construction of English: Culture, consumerism and promotion in the ELT global coursebook. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G. (2011). Exploring English language teaching: Language in action. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G., & Cook, G. (2012). Own-language use in language teaching and learning. Language Teaching, 45(3), 271–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haycraft, J. (1988). The first international preparatory course: An historical overview. In T. Duff (Ed.), Explorations in teacher training: Problems and issues (pp. 1–9). Harlow: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howatt, A. P. R. (2004). A history of English language teaching (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. E. (2009). Trends in second language teacher education. In A. Burns & J. C. Richards (Eds.), The Cambridge guide to second language teacher education (pp. 20–29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, L. G. (1969). 25 centuries of language teaching: 500 BC–1969. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumaravadivelu, B. B. (1994). The postmethod condition: (E)merging strategies for second/foreign language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 28(1), 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and principles in language teaching (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littlejohn, A. (1992). Why are English language teaching materials the way they are? Ph.D. dissertation. Lancaster: Lancaster University. Retrieved from http://www.andrewlittlejohn.net/website/books/Littlejohn%20phd%20chapter%201.pdf.

  • Littlejohn, A. (2012). Language teaching materials and the (very) big picture. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 9(1), 283–297. Retrieved from http://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/v9s12012/littlejohn.pdf.

  • López-Barrios, M., & Villanueva de Debat, E. (2011). From grammar translation to CLT: A retrospective view of course books produced in Argentina. In D. Fernández, A. M. Armendáriz, R. Lothringer, L. Pico, & L. Anglada (Eds.), Communicative language teaching and learning revisited (pp. 21–33). Tucumán: FAAPI. Retrieved from http://www.faapi.org.ar/downloads/FAAPI2011.pdf.

  • Macaro, E. (2003). Teaching and learning a second language: A guide to recent research and its applications. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, W. F. (1965). Language teaching analysis. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malderez, A., & Bodoczky, C. (1999). Mentor courses: A resource book for trainer-trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, T. (1983). A foundation course for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. (2009). Foreign language teaching and educational policy. In K. Knapp & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Handbook of foreign language communication and learning (Vol. 6, pp. 79–108). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey, T. (1991). Teaching one to one. Harlow: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunan, D. (1999). Second language teaching and learning. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, R. (2009). Linguistic imperialism continued. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prodromou, L., & Mishen, F. (2008). Materials used in Western Europe. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.), English language learning materials: A critical review (pp. 193–212). London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. C. (2002). 30 years of TEFL/TESL: A personal reflection. RELC Journal, 33(2), 1–35. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/003368820203300201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. C. (2006). Communicative language teaching today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. C. (2015). Key issues in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. (1998). Language teacher education. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto, M. A. (2014). Post-method pedagogy: Towards enhanced context-situated teaching methodologies. In D. L. Banegas, M. López-Barrios, M. Porto, & M. A. Soto (Eds.), English language teaching in the post-methods era: Selected papers from the 39th FAAPI conference (pp. 39–54). Santiago del Estero: Asociación de Profesores de Inglés de Santiago del Estero. Retrieved from http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/63296/9/WRAP_Banegas_SelectedPapersFAAPI2014ebook.pdf.

  • Spada, N. (2007). Communicative language teaching: Current status and future prospects. In J. Cummins, & C. Davison (Eds.), International handbook of English language teaching. (Part 1, pp. 271–288). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental concepts of language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, H. H. (1992). Issues and options in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swales, J. (1993). The English language and its teachers: Thoughts past, present, and future. ELT Journal, 47(4), 283–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, M. (2012). Thinking about language teaching: Selected articles 1982–2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Titone, R. (1968). Teaching foreign languages: An historical sketch. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University School of Languages and Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, B. (2013). Introduction: Applied linguistics and materials development. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.), Applied linguistics and materials development (pp. 1–7). London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyay, D. S. (2014). Second language teacher education. Retrieved from http://upadhyaydevangana1315.blogspot.si/2014/09/second-language-teacher-education-as.html.

  • Ur, P. (1996). A course in language teaching: Practice and theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ur, P. (2012). How useful is TESOL academic research? The Guardian (October 16, 2012). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/oct/16/teacher-tesol-academic-research-useful.

  • Wallace, M. J. (1991). Training foreign language teachers: A reflective approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M. (1999). The reflective model revisited. In H. Trappes-Lomax & I. McGrath (Eds.), Theory in language teacher education (pp. 179–189). Harlow: Longman in association with The British Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, A. (2009). A guide to Methodologia: Past, present, and future. ELT Journal, 63(2), 108–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, T. (1988). Loop-input: New strategies for teacher training. Canterbury: Pilgrims.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janez Skela .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Skela, J. (2019). A Journey Through the Landscapes of Language Education. In: Kostoulas, A. (eds) Challenging Boundaries in Language Education. Second Language Learning and Teaching. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17057-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17057-8_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17056-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-17057-8

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics