Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurobiological Mechanisms of Stress and Glucocorticoid Effects on Learning and Memory: Implications for Stress Disorders on Earth and in Space

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space

Abstract

Space flight represents an extremely stressful condition, and maintaining intact cognitive performance is a high priority for space exploration. Over the last decades, considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that glucocorticoids—stress hormones released from the adrenal cortex—are crucially involved in the regulation of memory functions. Specifically, glucocorticoids have been shown to enhance memory consolidation of emotionally arousing, stressful experiences, but to impair memory retrieval and working memory during emotionally arousing situations. Here, we review findings from both animal and human experiments and present an integrated perspective of how these opposite glucocorticoid effects might act together to serve adaptive processing of emotionally significant information. Furthermore, as aberrant processing of stressful experiences and intense emotional memories also play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and symptomatology of anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, we discuss to what extent the basic findings on glucocorticoid effects on emotional memory might have implications for the understanding and treatment of this clinical condition. The reviewed findings might have important implications regarding the regulation of stress effects on memory and the occurrence of psychological and other health problems in space travelers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abercrombie HC, Kalin NH, Thurow ME, Rosenkranz MA, Davidson RJ (2003) Cortisol variation in humans affects memory for emotionally laden and neutral information. Behav Neurosci 117(3):505–516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abercrombie HC, Speck NS, Monticelli RM (2006) Endogenous cortisol elevations are related to memory facilitation only in individuals who are emotionally aroused. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31(2):187–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abrari K, Rashidy-Pour A, Semnanian S, Fathollahi Y (2008) Administration of corticosterone after memory reactivation disrupts subsequent retrieval of a contextual conditioned fear memory: dependence upon training intensity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 89(2):178–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolphs R, Cahill L, Schul R, Babinsky R (1997) Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans. Learn Mem 4(3):291–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aerni A, Traber R, Hock C, Roozendaal B, Schelling G, Papassotiropoulos A, Nitsch RM, Schnyder U, de Quervain DJ (2004) Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161(8):1488–1490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Amos T, Stein DJ, Ipser JC (2014) Pharmacological interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD006239

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbel I, Kadar T, Silbermann M, Levy A (1994) The effects of long-term corticosterone administration on hippocampal morphology and cognitive performance of middle-aged rats. Brain Res 657(1–2):227–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armony JL, Corbo V, Clement MH, Brunet A (2005) Amygdala response in patients with acute PTSD to masked and unmasked emotional facial expressions. Am J Psychiatry 162(10):1961–1963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnsten AF, Goldman-Rakic PS (1998) Noise stress impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function in monkeys: evidence for a hyperdopaminergic mechanism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(4):362–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atsak P, Hauer D, Campolongo P, Schelling G, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B (2012a) Glucocorticoids interact with the hippocampal endocannabinoid system in impairing retrieval of contextual fear memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(9):3504–3509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Atsak P, Roozendaal B, Campolongo P (2012b) Role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating glucocorticoid effects on memory for emotional experiences. Neuroscience 204:104–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atsak P, Hauer D, Campolongo P, Schelling G, Fornari RV, Roozendaal B (2015) Endocannabinoid signaling within the basolateral amygdala integrates multiple stress hormone effects on memory consolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology 40(6):1485–1494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Atsak P, Guenzel FM, Kantar-Gok D, Zalachoras I, Yargicoglu P, Meijer OC, Quirarte GL, Wolf OT, Schwabe L, Roozendaal B (2016) Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced impairment of retrieval of stimulus – response memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 67:207–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atucha E, Vukojevic V, Fornari RV, Ronzoni G, Demougin P, Peter F, Atsak P, Coolen MW, Papassotiropoulos A, McGaugh JL, de Quervain DJ, Roozendaal B (2017) Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala maintains hippocampus-dependent accuracy of remote memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(34):9176–9181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley A (1992) Working memory. Science 255(5044):556–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett D, Gonzalez-Lima F (2004) Behavioral effects of metyrapone on Pavlovian extinction. Neurosci Lett 371(2–3):91–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barsegyan A, Mackenzie SM, Kurose BD, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B (2010) Glucocorticoids in the prefrontal cortex enhance memory consolidation and impair working memory by a common neural mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(38):16655–16660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barsegyan A, Atsak P, Hornberger WB, Jacobson PB, van Gaalen MM, Roozendaal B (2015) The vasopressin 1b receptor antagonist A-988315 blocks stress effects on the retrieval of object-recognition memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 40(8):1979–1989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bass DI, Nizam ZG, Partain KN, Wang A, Manns JR (2014) Amygdala-mediated enhancement of memory for specific events depends on the hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 107:37–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith BE, Petros TV, Scaglione C, Nelson J (1986) Dose-dependent effects of hydrocortisone on memory in human males. Physiol Behav 36(2):283–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belanoff JK, Kalehzan M, Sund B, Fleming Ficek SK, Schatzberg AF (2001) Cortisol activity and cognitive changes in psychotic major depression. Am J Psychiatry 158(10):1612–1616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bermudez-Rattoni F (2014) The forgotten insular cortex: its role on recognition memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 109:207–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bierer LM, Tischler L, Labinsky E, Cahill S, Foa E, Yehuda R (2006) Clinical correlates of 24-h cortisol and norepinephrine excretion among subjects seeking treatment following the world trade center attacks on 9/11. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:514–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohus B, Lissak K (1968) Adrenocortical hormones and avoidance behaviour of rats. Int J Neuropharmacol 7(4):301–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin CR (2001) A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment. Behav Res Ther 39(4):373–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brito GN, Thomas GJ, Davis BJ, Gingold SI (1982) Prelimbic cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, septum, and delayed alternation in rats. Exp Brain Res 46(1):52–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan TW, Lovallo WR (2001) Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26(3):307–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Adolphs R (2006) Impaired memory retrieval correlates with individual differences in cortisol response but not autonomic response. Learn Mem 13(3):382–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buss C, Wolf OT, Witt J, Hellhammer DH (2004) Autobiographic memory impairment following acute cortisol administration. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29(8):1093–1096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill L, Babinsky R, Markowitsch HJ, McGaugh JL (1995) The amygdala and emotional memory. Nature 377(6547):295–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill L, Haier RJ, Fallon J, Alkire MT, Tang C, Keator D, Wu J, McGaugh JL (1996) Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(15):8016–8021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K (2003) Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn Mem 10(4):270–274

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cai WH, Blundell J, Han J, Greene RW, Powell CM (2006) Postreactivation glucocorticoids impair recall of established fear memory. J Neurosci 26(37):9560–9566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campolongo P, Roozendaal B, Trezza V, Hauer D, Schelling G, McGaugh JL, Cuomo V (2009) Endocannabinoids in the rat basolateral amygdala enhance memory consolidation and enable glucocorticoid modulation of memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(12):4888–4893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Canli T, Zhao Z, Brewer J, Gabrieli JD, Cahill L (2000) Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. J Neurosci 20(19):RC99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez CM, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM (2013) Activation of the basolateral amygdala induces long-term enhancement of specific memory representations in the cerebral cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 101:8–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cibelli M, Fidalgo AR, Terrando N, Ma D, Monaco C, Feldmann M, Takata M, Lever IJ, Nanchahal J, Fanselow MS, Maze M (2010) Role of interleukin-1beta in postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Ann Neurol 68(3):360–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cleare AJ, Heap E, Malhi GS, Wessely S, O'Keane V, Miell J (1999) Low-dose hydrocortisone in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomised crossover trial. Lancet 353(9151):455–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coluccia D, Wolf OT, Kollias S, Roozendaal B, Forster A, de Quervain DJ (2008) Glucocorticoid therapy-induced memory deficits: acute versus chronic effects. J Neurosci 28(13):3474–3478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper HS Jr (1996) The loneliness of the long-duration astronaut. Air Space 11(2):37–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero MI, Kruyt ND, Merino JJ, Sandi C (2002) Glucocorticoid involvement in memory formation in a rat model for traumatic memory. Stress 5(1):73–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallman MF (2005) Fast glucocorticoid actions on brain: back to the future. Front Neuroendocrinol 26(3–4):103–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio A, Carvalho GB (2013) The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(2):143–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer SF, Koopmans SJ, Slangen JL, Van der Gugten J (1990) Plasma catecholamine, corticosterone and glucose responses to repeated stress in rats: effect of interstressor interval length. Physiol Behav 47(6):1117–1124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Kloet ER, Oitzl MS, Joels M (1999) Stress and cognition: are corticosteroids good or bad guys? Trends Neurosci 22(10):422–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delahanty DL, Raimonde AJ, Spoonster E (2000) Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Biol Psychiatry 48(9):940–947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, Quinnies KM, Crihfield A, Lynch KR, Kipnis J (2010) Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med 207(5):1067–1080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie EW, Brunet A, Akerib V, Armony JL (2008) An fMRI investigation of memory encoding in PTSD: influence of symptom severity. Neuropsychologia 46(5):1522–1531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolcos F, Labar KS, Cabeza R (2004) Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron 42(5):855–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domes G, Heinrichs M, Rimmele U, Reichwald U, Hautzinger M (2004) Acute stress impairs recognition for positive words—association with stress-induced cortisol secretion. Stress 7(3):173–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elzinga BM, Roelofs K (2005) Cortisol-induced impairments of working memory require acute sympathetic activation. Behav Neurosci 119(1):98–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evanson NK, Tasker JG, Hill MN, Hillard CJ, Herman JP (2010) Fast feedback inhibition of the HPA axis by glucocorticoids is mediated by endocannabinoid signaling. Endocrinology 151(10):4811–4814

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fastenrath M, Coynel D, Spalek K, Milnik A, Gschwind L, Roozendaal B, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJ (2014) Dynamic modulation of amygdala-hippocampal connectivity by emotional arousal. J Neurosci 34(42):13935–13947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flood JF, Vidal D, Bennett EL, Orme AE, Vasquez S, Jarvik ME (1978) Memory facilitating and anti-amnesic effects of corticosteroids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 8(1):81–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francati V, Vermetten E, Bremner JD (2007) Functional neuroimaging studies in posttraumatic stress disorder: review of current methods and findings. Depress Anxiety 24(3):202–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fuster JM (1991) The prefrontal cortex and its relation to behavior. Prog Brain Res 87:201–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gill JM, Saligan L, Woods S, Page G (2009) PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities. Perspect Psychiatr Care 45(4):262–277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guenzel FM, Wolf OT, Schwabe L (2013) Stress disrupts response memory retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(8):1460–1465

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann SB, Ely TD, Grafton ST, Kilts CD (1999) Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nat Neurosci 2(3):289–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heim C, Nemeroff CB (2009) Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectr 14(1 Suppl 1):13–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermans EJ, van Marle HJF, Ossewaarde L, Henckens MJAG, Qin S, van Kesteren MTR, Schoots VC, Cousijn H, Rijpkema M, Oostenveld R, Fernández G (2011) Stress-related noradrenergic activity prompts large-scale neural network reconfiguration. Science 334(6059):1151–1153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermans EJ, Henckens MJAG, Joëls M, Fernández G (2014) Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors. Trends Neurosci 37(6):304–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Het S, Ramlow G, Wolf OT (2005) A meta-analytic review of the effects of acute cortisol administration on human memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30(8):771–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill MN, McEwen BS (2009) Endocannabinoids: the silent partner of glucocorticoids in the synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(12):4579–4580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hill MN, Tasker JG (2012) Endocannabinoid signaling, glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback, and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Neuroscience 204:5–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill MN, Karatsoreos IN, Hillard CJ, McEwen BS (2010) Rapid elevations in limbic endocannabinoid content by glucocorticoid hormones in vivo. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(9):1333–1338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Izquierdo I, Quillfeldt JA, Zanatta MS, Quevedo J, Schaeffer E, Schmitz PK, Medina JH (1997) Sequential role of hippocampus and amygdala, entorhinal cortex and parietal cortex in formation and retrieval of memory for inhibitory avoidance in rats. Eur J Neurosci 9(4):786–793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LR, Farb C, Morrison JH, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE (2005) Localization of glucocorticoid receptors at postsynaptic membranes in the lateral amygdala. Neuroscience 136(1):289–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MW (2002) A comparative review of rodent prefrontal cortex and working memory. Curr Mol Med 2(7):639–647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanas N (1997) Psychosocial value of space simulation for extended spaceflight. Adv Space Biol Med 6:81–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Kloet ER (2000) Stress in the brain. Eur J Pharmacol 405(1–3):187–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs GL, Telegdy G, Lissak K (1977) Dose-dependent action of corticosteroids on brain serotonin content and passive avoidance behavior. Horm Behav 8(2):155–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmann S, Wolf OT (2006a) Arousal and cortisol interact in modulating memory consolidation in healthy young men. Behav Neurosci 120(1):217–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmann S, Wolf OT (2006b) A non-arousing test situation abolishes the impairing effects of cortisol on delayed memory retrieval in healthy women. Neurosci Lett 399(3):268–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmann S, Kirschbaum C, Wolf OT (2005a) Effects of oral cortisol treatment in healthy young women on memory retrieval of negative and neutral words. Neurobiol Learn Mem 83(2):158–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmann S, Piel M, Wolf OT (2005b) Impaired memory retrieval after psychosocial stress in healthy young men. J Neurosci 25(11):2977–2982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kukolja J, Schläpfer TE, Keysers C, Klingmüller D, Maier W, Fink GR, Hurlemann R (2008) Modeling a negative response bias in the human amygdala by noradrenergic-glucocorticoid interactions. J Neurosci 28(48):12868–12876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux J (2003) The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cell Mol Neurobiol 23(4–5):727–738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lisman J, Buzsáki G, Eichenbaum H, Nadel L, Ranganath C, Redish AD (2017) Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition. Nat Neurosci 20(11):1434–1447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Tsuji M, Takeda H, Takada K, Matsumiya T (1999) Adrenocortical suppression blocks the enhancement of memory storage produced by exposure to psychological stress in rats. Brain Res 821(1):134–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovitz ES, Thompson LT (2015) Memory-enhancing intra-basolateral amygdala clenbuterol infusion reduces post-burst afterhyperpolarizations in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons following inhibitory avoidance learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 119:34–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludascher P et al (2015) No evidence for differential dose effects of hydrocortisone on intrusive memories in female patients with complex post-traumatic stress disorder—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Psychopharmacol 29:1077–1084

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luethi M, Meier B, Sandi C (2008) Stress effects on working memory, explicit memory, and implicit memory for neutral and emotional stimuli in healthy men. Front Behav Neurosci 2:5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luine VN, Spencer RL, McEwen BS (1993) Effects of chronic corticosterone ingestion on spatial memory performance and hippocampal serotonergic function. Brain Res 616(1–2):65–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lupien SJ, Gillin CJ, Hauger RL (1999) Working memory is more sensitive than declarative memory to the acute effects of corticosteroids: a dose-response study in humans. Behav Neurosci 113(3):420–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maheu FS, Joober R, Beaulieu S, Lupien SJ (2004) Differential effects of adrenergic and corticosteroid hormonal systems on human short- and long-term declarative memory for emotionally arousing material. Behav Neurosci 118(2):420–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malin EL, McGaugh JL (2006) Differential involvement of the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex and basolateral amygdala in memory for context and footshock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(6):1959–1963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maren S, Fanselow MS (1997) Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix, dorsal hippocampus, or entorhinal cortex produce anterograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 67(2):142–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, Ostroff RB, Podd L (1986) Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 174(3):145–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarty R, Gold PE (1981) Plasma catecholamines: effects of footshock level and hormonal modulators of memory storage. Horm Behav 15(2):168–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS (1998) Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 338(3):171–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane AC, Atchison M, Yehuda R (1997) The acute stress response following motor vehicle accidents and its relation to PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 821:437–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGaugh JL (2002) Memory consolidation and the amygdala: a systems perspective. Trends Neurosci 25(9):456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGaugh JL (2003) Memory and emotion: the making of lasting memory. Columbia University Press, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B (2002) Role of adrenal stress hormones in forming lasting memories in the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12(2):205–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre CK, Hatfield T, McGaugh JL (2002) Amygdala norepinephrine levels after training predict inhibitory avoidance retention performance in rats. Eur J Neurosci 16(7):1223–1226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre CK, Miyashita T, Setlow B, Marjon KD, Steward O, Guzowski JF, McGaugh JL (2005) Memory-influencing intra-basolateral amygdala drug infusions modulate expression of Arc protein in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(30):10718–10723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McReynolds JR, Donowho K, Abdi A, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B, McIntyre CK (2010) Memory-enhancing corticosterone treatment increases amygdala norepinephrine and Arc protein expression in hippocampal synaptic fractions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 93(3):312–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meewisse ML, Reitsma JB, de Vries GJ, Gersons BP, Olff M (2007) Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 191:387–392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menon V (2011) Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model. Trends Cogn Sci 15(10):483–506

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael T, Ehlers A (2007) Enhanced perceptual priming for neutral stimuli occurring in a traumatic context: two experimental investigations. Behav Res Ther 45(2):341–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael T, Ehlers A, Halligan SL (2005a) Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Emotion 5(1):103–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael T, Ehlers A, Halligan SL, Clark DM (2005b) Unwanted memories of assault: what intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD? Behav Res Ther 43(5):613–628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mineka S, Oehlberg K (2008) The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychol (Amst) 127(3):567–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizoguchi K, Ishige A, Takeda S, Aburada M, Tabira T (2004) Endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining prefrontal cortical cognitive function. J Neurosci 24(24):5492–5499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morena M, Roozendaal B, Trezza V, Ratano P, Peloso A, Hauer D, Atsak P, Trabace L, Cuomo V, McGaugh JL, Schelling G, Campolongo P (2014) Endogenous cannabinoid release within prefrontal-limbic pathways affects memory consolidation of emotional training. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(51):18333–18338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morena M, De Castro V, Gray JM, Palmery M, Trezza V, Roozendaal B, Hill MN, Campolongo P (2015) Training-associated emotional arousal shapes endocannabinoid modulation of spatial memory retrieval in rats. J Neurosci 35(41):13962–13974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morena M, Patel S, Bains JS, Hill MN (2016) Neurobiological interactions between stress and the endocannabinoid system. Neuropsychopharmacology 41(1):80–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris RG, Garrud P, Rawlins JN, O'Keefe J (1982) Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature 297(5868):681–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomer JW, Craft S, Askins K, Hershey T, Bardgett ME, Csernansky JG, Gagliardi AE, Vogler G (1998) Glucocorticoid interactions with memory function in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23(1):65–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oei NYL, Everaerd WTAM, Elzinga BM, van Well S, Bermond B (2006) Psychosocial stress impairs working memory at high loads: an association with cortisol levels and memory retrieval. Stress (Amsterdam) 9(3):133–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda S, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2004) Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(3):853–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ossewaarde L, Qin S, van Marle HJF, van Wingen GA, Fernández G, Hermans EJ (2011) Stress-induced reduction in reward-related prefrontal cortex function. NeuroImage 55(1):345–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen AM, McMillan KM, Laird AR, Bullmore E (2005) N-Back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 25(1):46–59

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Packard MG, Knowlton BJ (2002) Learning and memory functions of the Basal Ganglia. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:563–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packard MG, Cahill L, McGaugh JL (1994) Amygdala modulation of hippocampal-dependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91(18):8477–8481

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier JG, Likhtik E, Filali M, Pare D (2005) Lasting increases in basolateral amygdala activity after emotional arousal: implications for facilitated consolidation of emotional memories. Learn Mem 12(2):96–102

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps EA, LeDoux JE (2005) Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48(2):175–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman RK (1989) Post-traumatic stress disorder, hormones, and memory. Biol Psychiatry 26(3):221–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman RK, Delahanty DL (2005) Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma. CNS Spectr 10(2):99–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman RK, Orr SP (1990) Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 27(2):245–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman RK, Sanders KM, Zusman RM, Healy AR, Cheema F, Lasko NB, Cahill L, Orr SP (2002) Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol Psychiatry 51(2):189–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popoli M, Yan Z, McEwen BS, Sanacora G (2012) The stressed synapse: the impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(1):22–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qin S, Hermans EJ, van Marle HJF, Luo J, Fernández G (2009) Acute psychological stress reduces working memory-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 66(1):25–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qin S, Cousijn H, Rijpkema M, Luo J, Franke B, Hermans EJ, Fernández G (2012) The effect of moderate acute psychological stress on working memory-related neural activity is modulated by a genetic variation in catecholaminergic function in humans. Front Integrative Neurosci 6:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJ, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1998) Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. Nature 394(6695):787–790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJF, Roozendaal B, Nitsch RM, McGaugh JL, Hock C (2000) Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans. Nat Neurosci 3(4):313–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJ, Henke K, Aerni A, Treyer V, McGaugh JL, Berthold T, Nitsch RM, Buck A, Roozendaal B, Hock C (2003) Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of declarative memory retrieval is associated with reduced blood flow in the medial temporal lobe. Eur J Neurosci 17(6):1296–1302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJ, Aerni A, Roozendaal B (2007a) Preventive effect of {beta}-adrenoceptor blockade on glucocorticoid-induced memory retrieval deficits. Am J Psychiatry 164(6):967–969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJ, Kolassa IT, Ertl V, Onyut PL, Neuner F, Elbert T, Papassotiropoulos A (2007b) A deletion variant of the alpha2b-adrenoceptor is related to emotional memory in Europeans and Africans. Nat Neurosci 10(9):1137–1139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain DJ, Aerni A, Schelling G, Roozendaal B (2009) Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 30(3):358–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Quervain D, Schwabe L, Roozendaal B (2017) Stress, glucocorticoids and memory: implications for treating fear-related disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 18(1):7–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quirarte GL, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1997) Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory storage involves noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(25):14048–14053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rashidy-Pour A, Sadeghi H, Taherain AA, Vafaei AA, Fathollahi Y (2004) The effects of acute restraint stress and dexamethasone on retrieval of long-term memory in rats: an interaction with opiate system. Behav Brain Res 154(1):193–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, McInerney SC, Macklin ML, Lasko NB, Orr SP, Pitman RK (2000) Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 47(9):769–776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riedemann T, Patchev AV, Cho K, Almeida OFX (2010) Corticosteroids: way upstream. Mol Brain 3:2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B (2000) 1999 Curt P. Richter award. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25(3):213–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B (2002) Stress and memory: opposing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Mem 78(3):578–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1996) Amygdaloid nuclei lesions differentially affect glucocorticoid-induced memory enhancement in an inhibitory avoidance task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 65(1):1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1997a) Basolateral amygdala lesions block the memory-enhancing effect of glucocorticoid administration in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Eur J Neurosci 9(1):76–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1997b) Glucocorticoid receptor agonist and antagonist administration into the basolateral but not central amygdala modulates memory storage. Neurobiol Learn Mem 67(2):176–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2011) Memory modulation. Behav Neurosci 125(6):797–824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Bohus B, McGaugh JL (1996a) Dose-dependent suppression of adrenocortical activity with metyrapone: effects on emotion and memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21(8):681–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Carmi O, McGaugh JL (1996b) Adrenocortical suppression blocks the memory-enhancing effects of amphetamine and epinephrine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(4):1429–1433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Nguyen BT, Power AE, McGaugh JL (1999a) Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic influence enables enhancement of memory consolidation induced by hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(20):11642–11647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Williams CL, McGaugh JL (1999b) Glucocorticoid receptor activation in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract facilitates memory consolidation: involvement of the basolateral amygdala. Eur J Neurosci 11(4):1317–1323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Quirarte GL, McGaugh JL (2002) Glucocorticoids interact with the basolateral amygdala beta-adrenoceptor—cAMP/PKA system in influencing memory consolidation. Eur J Neurosci 15(3):553–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, de Quervain DJ, Schelling G, McGaugh JL (2004a) A systemically administered beta-adrenoceptor antagonist blocks corticosterone-induced impairment of contextual memory retrieval in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 81(2):150–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Hahn EL, Nathan SV, de Quervain DJ, McGaugh JL (2004b) Glucocorticoid effects on memory retrieval require concurrent noradrenergic activity in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. J Neurosci 24(37):8161–8169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McReynolds JR, McGaugh JL (2004c) The basolateral amygdala interacts with the medial prefrontal cortex in regulating glucocorticoid effects on working memory impairment. J Neurosci 24(6):1385–1392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Okuda S, de Quervain DJ, McGaugh JL (2006a) Glucocorticoids interact with emotion-induced noradrenergic activation in influencing different memory functions. Neuroscience 138(3):901–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, Okuda S, van der Zee EA, McGaugh JL (2006b) Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory requires arousal-induced noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(17):6741–6746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roozendaal B, McEwen BS, Chattarji S (2009) Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(6):423–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinow DR, Post RM, Savard R, Gold PW (1984) Cortisol hypersecretion and cognitive impairment in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(3):279–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sacchetti B, Lorenzini CA, Baldi E, Tassoni G, Bucherelli C (1999) Auditory thalamus, dorsal hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, and perirhinal cortex role in the consolidation of conditioned freezing to context and to acoustic conditioned stimulus in the rat. J Neurosci 19(21):9570–9578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sajadi AA, Samaei SA, Rashidy-Pour A (2007) Blocking effects of intra-hippocampal naltrexone microinjections on glucocorticoid-induced impairment of spatial memory retrieval in rats. Neuropharmacology 52(2):347–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling G, Briegel J, Roozendaal B, Stoll C, Rothenhausler HB, Kapfhammer HP (2001) The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors. Biol Psychiatry 50(12):978–985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling G, Richter M, Roozendaal B, Rothenhausler HB, Krauseneck T, Stoll C, Nollert G, Schmidt M, Kapfhammer HP (2003) Exposure to high stress in the intensive care unit may have negative effects on health-related quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 31(7):1971–1980

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling G, Kilger E, Roozendaal B, de Quervain DJ, Briegel J, Dagge A, Rothenhausler HB, Krauseneck T, Nollert G, Kapfhammer HP (2004a) Stress doses of hydrocortisone, traumatic memories, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. Biol Psychiatry 55(6):627–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling G, Roozendaal B, de Quervain DJ (2004b) Can posttraumatic stress disorder be prevented with glucocorticoids? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1032:158–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schelling G, Roozendaal B, Krauseneck T, Schmoelz M, De QD, Briegel J (2006) Efficacy of hydrocortisone in preventing posttraumatic stress disorder following critical illness and major surgery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:46–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoofs D, Preuss D, Wolf OT (2008) Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33(5):643–653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoofs D, Wolf OT, Smeets T (2009) Cold pressor stress impairs performance on working memory tasks requiring executive functions in healthy young men. Behav Neurosci 123(5):1066–1075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe L, Römer S, Richter S, Dockendorf S, Bilak B, Schachinger H (2009) Stress effects on declarative memory retrieval are blocked by a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(3):446–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwabe L, Joëls M, Roozendaal B, Wolf OT, Oitzl MS (2012) Stress effects on memory: an update and integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(7):1740–1749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA, Wedig MM, McMullin K, Martis B, Macklin ML, Lasko NB, Cavanagh SR, Krangel TS, Orr SP, Pitman RK, Whalen PJ, Rauch SL (2005) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(3):273–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin LM, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2006) Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:67–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sijbrandij M, Kleiboer A, Bisson JI, Barbui C, Cuijpers P (2015) Pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2:413–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets T, Otgaar H, Candel I, Wolf OT (2008) True or false? Memory is differentially affected by stress-induced cortisol elevations and sympathetic activity at consolidation and retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33(10):1378–1386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeets T, Wolf OT, Giesbrecht T, Sijstermans K, Telgen S, Joëls M (2009) Stress selectively and lastingly promotes learning of context-related high arousing information. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(8):1152–1161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soravia LM, Heinrichs M, Aerni A, Maroni C, Schelling G, Ehlert U, Roozendaal B, de Quervain DJ (2006) Glucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(14):5585–5590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Starkman MN, Schteingart DE, Schork MA (1981) Depressed mood and other psychiatric manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome: relationship to hormone levels. Psychosom Med 43(1):3–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Stegeren AH, Wolf OT, Everaerd W, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Rombouts SARB (2007) Endogenous cortisol level interacts with noradrenergic activation in the human amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 87(1):57–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strangman GE, Sipes W, Beven G (2014) Human cognitive performance in spaceflight and analogue environments. Aviat Space Environ Med 85(10):1033–1048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taverniers J, Van Ruysseveldt J, Smeets T, von Grumbkow J (2010) High-intensity stress elicits robust cortisol increases, and impairs working memory and visuo-spatial declarative memory in Special Forces candidates: a field experiment. Stress 13(4):323–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tronel S, Alberini CM (2007) Persistent disruption of a traumatic memory by postretrieval inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in the amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 62(1):33–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tronson NC, Taylor JR (2007) Molecular mechanisms of memory reconsolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(4):262–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vukojevic V, Kolassa IT, Fastenrath M, Gschwind L, Spalek K, Milnik A, Heck A, Vogler C, Wilker S, Demougin P, Peter F, Atucha E, Stetak A, Roozendaal B, Elbert T, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJ (2014) Epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is linked to traumatic memory and post-traumatic stress disorder risk in genocide survivors. J Neurosci 34(31):10274–10284

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XY, Zhao M, Ghitza UE, Li YQ, Lu L (2008) Stress impairs reconsolidation of drug memory via glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral amygdala. J Neurosci 28(21):5602–5610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weis F, Kilger E, Roozendaal B, de Quervain DJ, Lamm P, Schmidt M, Schmolz M, Briegel J, Schelling G (2006) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reduce chronic stress symptoms and improve health-related quality of life in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131(2):277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm I, Wagner U, Born J (2011) Opposite effects of cortisol on consolidation of temporal sequence memory during waking and sleep. J Cogn Neurosci 23(12):3703–3712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf OT (2008) The influence of stress hormones on emotional memory: relevance for psychopathology. Acta Psychol (Amst) 127(3):513–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf OT, Convit A, McHugh PF, Kandil E, Thorn EL, De Santi S, McEwen BS, de Leon MJ (2001) Cortisol differentially affects memory in young and elderly men. Behav Neurosci 115(5):1002–1011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YL, Chao PK, Lu KT (2006) Systemic and intra-amygdala administration of glucocorticoid agonist and antagonist modulate extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 31(5):912–924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R (2002a) Current status of cortisol findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 25(2):341–368. vii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R (2002b) Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 346(2):108–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R, Bierer LM (2008) Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk. Prog Brain Res 167:121–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R, LeDoux J (2007) Response variation following trauma: a translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron 56(1):19–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick SM, Mason JW, Giller EL (1995) Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152(7):982–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, Shalev AY (1998) Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event. Biol Psychiatry 44(12):1305–1313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R, Teicher MH, Seckl JR, Grossman RA, Morris A, Bierer LM (2007) Parental posttraumatic stress disorder as a vulnerability factor for low cortisol trait in offspring of holocaust survivors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(9):1040–1048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R et al (2015) Cortisol augmentation of a psychological treatment for warfighters with posttraumatic stress disorder: Randomized trial showing improved treatment retention and outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51:589–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young EA, Breslau N (2004) Cortisol and catecholamines in posttraumatic stress disorder: an epidemiologic community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(4):394–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young AH, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Cowen PJ (1999) The effects of chronic administration of hydrocortisone on cognitive function in normal male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 145(3):260–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission to reproduce the copyright material (i.e. text extracts and figures from (de Quervain et al. 2009), Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Elsevier Inc.) in this book.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil

    Raquel V. Fornari

  2. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Amanda Aerni & Dominique J.-F. de Quervain

  3. Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Dominique J.-F. de Quervain

  4. University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Dominique J.-F. de Quervain

  5. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Benno Roozendaal

  6. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Benno Roozendaal

Authors
  1. Raquel V. Fornari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amanda Aerni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dominique J.-F. de Quervain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Benno Roozendaal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benno Roozendaal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany

    Alexander Choukèr

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fornari, R.V., Aerni, A., de Quervain, D.JF., Roozendaal, B. (2020). Neurobiological Mechanisms of Stress and Glucocorticoid Effects on Learning and Memory: Implications for Stress Disorders on Earth and in Space. In: Choukèr, A. (eds) Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16995-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16996-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation