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Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

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Microbial Nanobionics

Part of the book series: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences ((NALIS))

Abstract

The emergence of drug-resistant strains among pathogenic microorganisms urges the need for alternative treatment methods which provide less or no sign of resistance development. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs and quick adaptability of microorganisms to these agents are the two reasons for the emergence of drug-resistant strains. The modern healthcare system is facing difficulty to combat infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant planktonic and biofilm-embedded microorganisms. It is evident that the developments of new therapeutic strategies are required to fight against microbial diseases. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDT) is being accepted as a potential alternative candidate to inactivate and kill drug-resistant microbial strains. aPDT involves the integration of a nontoxic dye (photosensitizer) and light of specific wavelength to activate PS to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The produced reactive oxygen species further damage the bacterial cell membrane and mediate microbial death. To achieve an effective photodynamic inactivation, different kinds of nanoparticles are employed which aid in the enhanced antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of photosensitizers (PS). Recently, carbon nanostructures gained much attention in the phototherapy of microbial strains which increased the solubility of PS, photogeneration of ROS, and enhanced uptake and delivery of PS to the target cells. This chapter focused on the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms using different carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanodots and their mechanism of action. The general mechanism of action of these carbon nanostructures includes ROS generation, cell membrane damage, leakage of cytoplasmic contents, oxidative death, protein denaturation, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation. Carbon nanomedicine and its application in aPDT are an emerging field which enhances the potential to prevent, treat, and control infectious diseases.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    Parasuraman Paramanantham & Busi Siddhardha

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

    V. T. Anju & Madhu Dyavaiah

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  1. Parasuraman Paramanantham
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  2. V. T. Anju
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  3. Madhu Dyavaiah
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  4. Busi Siddhardha
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Prasad

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Paramanantham, P., Anju, V.T., Dyavaiah, M., Siddhardha, B. (2019). Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. In: Prasad, R. (eds) Microbial Nanobionics. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16534-5_12

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