Abstract
Despite social and legal gains, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) populations in the USA continue to experience discrimination, violence, and new, emerging threats to their human rights. Decades of research have shown that LGBT populations disproportionately experience adverse childhood experiences and adulthood victimization, which have been associated with adverse health outcomes. This chapter discusses human rights violations against LGBTQ people in the USA, primarily, and reviews research on traumatic events, adverse childhood experiences, and chronic stressors affecting LGBTQ adults and youth. The chapter highlights advances in LGBTQ inclusion on the UN human rights agenda. An integration of LGBTQ-affirmative practice with trauma-informed service delivery principles provides guidance for professional practice with LGBTQ populations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alston, P. A. (2017, December 15). Statement on visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22533.
Alston, P., Brands, I. K., Brown, D., Grinspan, M. C., Cameron, E., Carpenter, M., … Zieselman, K. (2017). The Yogyakarta Principles plus 10: Additional principles and state obligations on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics to complement the Yogyakarta Principles. Retrieved from http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/A5_yogyakartaWEB-2.pdf.
American Psychological Association. (2012). Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. American Psychologist,67(1), 10–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024659.
American Psychological Association. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist,70(9), 832–864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039906.
Andersen, J. P., & Blosnich, J. (2013). Disparities in adverse childhood experiences among sexual minority and heterosexual adults: Results from a multi-state probability-based sample. PLoS One,8(1), e54691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054691.
ARC International. (2015). The U.N. Special Procedures: A guide for advocates working on human rights relating to sexual orientation and gender identity. Retrieved from http://arc-international.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/ARC-Special-Procedures-Guide-2015.pdf.
ARC International & International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. (2016). Compilation of the adoption of the 2016 SLGI resolution. Retrieved from https://ilga.org/compilation-adoption-2016-sogi-resolution.
Austin, A., Herrick, H., & Proescholdbell, S. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences related to poor adult health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. American Journal of Public Health,106, 314–320. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302904.
Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology,51(5), 688–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038994.
Baker, K., & Durso, L. E. (2017, March 22). Why repealing the Affordable Care Act is bad medicine for LGBT communities. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/03/22/428970/repealing-affordable-care-act-bad-medicine-lgbt-communities/.
Bariola, E., Lyons, A., Leonard, W., Pitts, M., Badcock, P., & Couch, M. (2015). Demographic and psychosocial factors associated with psychological distress and resilience among transgender individuals. American Journal of Public Health,105, 2108–2116. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302763.
Bearse, M. L. (2012). Becoming who we are meant to be: Native Americans with two-spirit LGBT, and/or related tribal identities. In S. K. Fisher, J. M. Poirier, & G. M. Blau (Eds.), Improving emotional and behavioral outcomes for LGBT youth: A guide for professionals (pp. 87–109). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks Publishing.
Bebinger, M. (2018, March 24). Trump swaps complete ban for ‘qualified ban’ on transgender military service. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2018/03/24/596656712/trump-swaps-complete-ban-for-qualified-ban-on-transgender-military-service.
Blosnich, J. R., Marsiglio, M. C., Gao, S., Gordon, A. J., Shipherd, J. C., Kauth, M., … Fine, M. J. (2016). Mental health of transgender veterans in US States with and without discrimination and hate crime legal protection. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 534–540. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302981.
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Romine, R. E. S., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health,103(5), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241.
Breslow, A. S., Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Wong, S., Geiger, E., & Soderstrom, B. (2015). Resilience and collective action: Exploring buffers against minority stress for transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,2(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000117.
Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Carroll, A., & Itaborahy, L. P. (2015). State-sponsored homophobia: A world survey of laws—Criminalization, protection and recognition of same-sex love (10th ed.). Retrieved from http://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2015.pdf.
Carroll, A., & Mendos, L. R. (2017). State-sponsored homophobia: A world survey of sexual orientation laws—Criminalization, protection and recognition (12th ed.). Retrieved from http://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf.
Caspani, M. (2018, May 12). U.S. rolls back protections for transgender prison inmates. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/top-news/articles/2018-05-12/us-rolls-back-protections-for-transgender-prison-inmates.
Center for American Progress & Movement Advancement Project. (2014). Paying an unfair price: The financial penalty for being LGBT in America. Retrieved from http://www.lgbtmap.org/file/paying-an-unfair-price-full-report.pdf.
Center for American Progress & Movement Advancement Project. (2016). Unjust: How the broken criminal justice system fails LGBT people of color. Retrieved from http://www.lgbtmap.org/criminal-justice-poc.
Cha, A. E., & Eilperin, J. (2018, January 18). New HHS civil rights division charged with protecting health care workers with moral objections. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/01/18/new-hhs-civil-rights-division-charged-with-protecting-health-workers-with-moral-objections/?utm_term=.05e9da15172a.
Chang, S. C., & Singh, A. A. (2016). Affirming psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people of color. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,3(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000153.
Chiam, Z., Duffy, S., & Gil, M. G. (2016, November). Trans legal mapping report: Recognition before the law (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://ilga.org/downloads/TLMR_ENG.pdf.
Clymer, C. (2019, January 4). Historic: House rules package includes gender identity & sexual orientation protections. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/blog/house-rules-package-includes-SOGI-protections.
Craft, E. M., & Mulvey, K. P. (2001). Addressing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues from the inside: One federal agency’s approach. American Journal of Public Health,91(6), 889–891.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). De-marginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum,1(8), 139–167.
Drescher, J., Schwartz, A., Casoy, F., McIntosh, C. A., Hurley, B., Ashley, K., … Tompkins, D. A. (2016). The growing regulation of conversion therapy. Journal of Medical Regulation, 102(2), 7–12.
Eisenberg, M. E., Gower, M. L., McMorris, B. J., Rider, G. N., Shea, G., & Coleman, E. (2017). Risk and protective factors in the lives of transgender/gender nonconforming adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health,61(4), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.014.
Fisher, S. K., Poirier, J. M., & Blau, G. M. (Eds.). (2012). Improving emotional & behavioral outcomes for LGBT youth: A guide for professionals. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E. M., & Stall, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. American Journal of Public Health,101, 1481–1494. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009.
Goldbach, J. T., & Gibbs, J. J. (2017). A developmentally informed adaptation of minority stress for sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Adolescence,55, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.007.
Goldbach, J. T., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Bagwell, M., & Dunlap, S. (2014). Minority stress and substance use in sexual minority adolescents: A meta-analysis. Prevention Science,15, 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0393-7.
Gonzalez, C. A., Gallego, J. D., & Bockting, W. O. (2017). Demographic characteristics, components of sexuality and gender, and minority stress and their associations to excessive alcohol, cannabis, and illicit (non-cannabis) drug use among a large sample of transgender people in the United States. Journal of Primary Prevention,38(4), 419–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0469-4.
Hadland, S. E., Yehia, B. R., & Makadon, H. J. (2016). Caring for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth in inclusive and affirmative environments. Pediatric Clinics of North America,63, 955–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.001.
Hasenbush, A., Flores, A. R., Kastanis, A., Sears, B., & Gates, G. J. (2014). The LGBT divide: A data portrait of LGBT people in the Midwestern, Mountain, & Southern states. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. Retrieved from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-divide-Dec-2014.pdf.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin,135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Bellatorre, A., Lee, Y., Finch, B. K., Muennig, P., & Fiscella, K. (2014). Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations. Social Science and Medicine,103, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005.
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Stigma and minority stress as social determinants of health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: Research evidence and clinical implications. Pediatric Clinics of North America,63, 985–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.003.
Himmelstein, K. E. W., & Brückner, H. (2011). Criminal justice and school sanctions against nonheterosexual youth: A national longitudinal study. Pediatrics,127(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2306.
Hoy-Ellis, C. P., Shiu, C., Sullivan, K. M., Kim, H. J., Sturges, A. M., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2017). Prior military service, identity stigma, and mental health among transgender older adults. Gerontologist,57(S1), S63–S71. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw173.
Hughto, J. M. W., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015). Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Social Science and Medicine,147, 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010.
Human Rights Campaign. (2018). State Maps of Laws & Policies. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/state-maps.
Human Rights Watch. (2016). “Like walking through a hailstorm”: Discrimination against LGBT youth in US schools. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/uslgbt1216web_2.pdf.
Human Rights Watch, & InterACT-Advocates for Intersex Youth. (2017). I want to be the way nature made me: Unnecessary surgeries on intersex children in the US. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/lgbtintersex0717_web_0.pdf.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2017, March 15). IACHR expresses concern over setbacks in federal protections for trans and gender non-conforming students in the United States. Organization of American States. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/preleases/2017/033.asp.
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, et al. (2014, June 24). NGO joint statement—Item 8 general debate, 26th session of the Human Rights Council. ARC International. Retrieved from http://arc-international.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/NGO-Joint-statement-Eng-Final1.pdf.
James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. Retrieved from https://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF.
Karsay, D., Dos Santos, H. R., & Mosquera, D. C. P. (2016). Sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics at the Universal Periodic Review. Geneva, Switzerland: ARC International, International Bar Association, & ILGA. Retrieved from http://ilga.org/downloads/SOGIESC_at_UPR_report.pdf.
Kates, J., Ranji, U., Beamesderfer, A., Salganicoff, A., & Dawson, L. (2017, August). Health and access to care and coverage for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals in the U.S. (Issue Brief). The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-Health-and-Access-to-Care-and-Coverage-for-LGBT-Individuals-in-the-US.
Kirichenko, K. (2017). United Nations Treaty Bodies: References to sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Retrieved from http://ilga.org/downloads/Treaty_Bodies_SOGIESC_references_2016_ILGA.pdf.
Lambda Legal. (2015). Human rights abuses related to the criminalization and incarceration of LGBT people and people living with HIV in the United States. New York, NY: Lambda Legal. Retrieved from http://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/default/files/us_20150915_upr-contribution.pdf.
Landler, M. (2017, December 21). “We’ll save a lot”: Trump warns he’ll cut aid if crossed at U.N. The New York Times, pp. A1, A12.
Lehavot, K., & Simpson, T. L. (2014). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression among sexual minority and heterosexual women veterans. Journal of Counseling Psychology,61(3), 392–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000019.
Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(5), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613497965.
Mallon, G. P. (2009). A call for organizational trans-formation. In G. P. Mallon (Ed.), Social work practice with transgender and gender variant youth (2nd ed., pp. 163–174). New York, NY: Routledge.
Margolin, E. (2014, November 13). UN panel questions gay conversion therapy in US. MSNBC. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/gay-conversion-therapy-un-committee.
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Xuan, Z., & Conron, K. J. (2012). Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. Child Abuse and Neglect,36, 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.004.
Mereish, E. H., Goldbach, J. T., Burgess, C., & DiBello, A. M. (2017). Sexual orientation, minority stress, social norms, and substance use among racially diverse adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,178, 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.013.
Metzger, I. (2019a, January 7). Wisconsin governor Tony Evers signs executive order protecting LGBTQ state employees. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/blog/wisconsin-governor-tony-evers-signs-order-protecting-lgbtq-employees.
Metzger, I. (2019b, January 8). Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer signs executive directive protecting LGBTQ state employees. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/blog/michigan-governor-gretchen-whitmer-signs-directive-protecting-lgbtq.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin,129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.
Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,2(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000132.
Meyer, I. H. (2016). The elusive promise of LGBT equality. American Journal of Public Health,106(8), 1356–1358. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303221.
Miller, S. (2017, June 1). Onslaught of anti-LGBT bills in 2017 has activists ‘playing defense.’ USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/06/01/onslaught-anti-lgbt-bills-2017/102110520/.
Mirza, S. A., & Rooney, C. (2018, January 18). Discrimination prevents LGBTQ people from accessing health care. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2018/01/18/445130/discrimination-prevents-lgbtq-people-accessing-health-care/.
Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M. L., & Korchmaros, J. D. (2014). Sexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Child Abuse and Neglect,38(2), 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.008.
Movement Advancement Project. (2017, October). Tipping the scales: The coordinated attack on LGBT people, women, parents, children, and health care. Retrieved from https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/tipping-the-scales.pdf.
Movement Advancement Project, Public Rights/Private Conscience Project, & SAGE. (2017, December). Dignity denied: Religious exemptions and LGBT elder services. Movement Advancement Project. Retrieved from http://www.lgbtmap.org/file/Older-Adults-Religious-Exemptions.pdf.
Mustanski, B., Andrews, R., & Puckett, J. A. (2016). The effects of cumulative victimization on mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Public Health,106, 527–533. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302976.
National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. (2017). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and HIV-affected hate violence in 2016. New York, NY. Retrieved from http://avp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/NCAVP_2016HateViolence_REPORT.pdf.
Newberger, E. (2019, January 3). These are the women making history as the 116th Congress is sworn in. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/03/these-are-the-women-making-history-as-the-116th-congress-is-sworn-in.html.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2017). The role of the United Nations in combatting discrimination and violence against individuals based on sexual orientation and gender identity: A programmatic overview. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/LGBT/UN_LGBTI_Summary.pdf.
Palmer, N. A., Greytak, E. A., & Kosciw, J. G. (2016). Educational exclusion: Drop out, push out, and the school-to-prison pipeline among LGBTQ youth. New York, NY: Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network. Retrieved from https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/Educational%20Exclusion_Report_6-28-16_v4_WEB_READY_PDF.pdf.
Pan American Health Organization & World Health Organization. (2012, May 17). “Therapies” to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health. Retrieved from http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6803&Itemid=1926.
Poirier, J. M. (2015). Recommended LGBTQ children, youth and families cultural competence tools, curricula, and resources. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research. Retrieved from https://healthysafechildren.org//sites/default/files/LGBTQ%20Tools%20Curricula%20and%20Resources.pdf.
Reichert, E. (2007). Challenges in human rights: A social work perspective. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Roberts, A. L., Austin, B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Public Health,100(12), 2433–2441. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971.
Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Corliss, H. L., Koenen, K. C., & Austin, B. (2012). Elevated risk of posttraumatic stress in sexual minority youths: Mediation by childhood abuse and gender nonconformity. American Journal of Public Health,102, 1587–1593. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300530.
Rosenberg, G. (2018, December 21). Kasich signs law banning common abortion method, vetoes ‘heartbeat bill.’ Cincinnati Public Radio News. Retrieved from http://www.wvxu.org/post/kasich-signs-law-banning-common-abortion-method-vetoes-heartbeat-bill#stream/0.
Shear, M. D. (2015, April 9). Obama to ask for ‘repairing’ of gays to end. The New York Times, pp. A1, A18.
Silverstein, C. (1991). Psychological and medical treatments of homosexuality. In J. C. Gonsiorek & J. D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 101–114). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Singh, A. A., & dickey, l. m. (2016). Implementing the APA guidelines on psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people: A call to action to the field of psychology. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000179.
Singh, S., & Durso, L. E. (2017, May 2). Widespread discrimination continues to shape LGBT people’s lives in both subtle and significant ways. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widespread-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/.
Sontag, D. (2015, May 13). Push to end prison rape loses momentum. The New York Times, pp. A1, A14–A15.
Stern, M. J. (2015, February 10). Unconscionable practice: This court ruling could mean the end of gay conversion therapy. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2015/02/new_jersey_gay_conversion_therapy_case_blocked_expert_testimony_could_be.html.
Sterzing, P. R., Gartner, R. E., Goldbach, J. T., McGeough, B. L., Ratliff, G. A., & Johnson, K. C. (2017). Polyvictimization prevalence rates for sexual and gender minority adolescents: Breaking down the silos of victimization research. Psychology of Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000123.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014a). A practitioner’s resource guide: Helping families to support their LGBT children. HHS Publication No. PEP14-LGBTKIDS. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/product/A-Practitioner-s-Resource-Guide-Helping-Families-to-Support-Their-LGBT-Children/PEP14-LGBTKIDS.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014b). TIP57: Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4816. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/product/TIP-57-Trauma-Informed-Care-in-Behavioral-Health-Services/SMA14-4816.
Testa, R. J., Bliss, W., Balsam, K. F., Michaels, M. S., Rogers, M. L., & Joiner, T. (2017). Suicidal ideation in transgender people: Gender minority stress and interpersonal theory factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,126(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000234.
Testa, R. J., Harbarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,2(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000081.
The Editorial Board. (2018. September 7). Confirmed: Brett Kavanaugh can’t be trusted. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/opinion/editorials/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-hearings.html.
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf.
United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Adopted December 16, 1966. GA Res. 2200A (XXI). Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cescr.pdf.
United Nations. (2015). Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: United States of America (A/HRC/30/12). Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/159/71/PDF/G1515971.pdf?OpenElement.
United Nations Committee Against Torture (UN CAT). (2017). List of issues prior to submission of the sixth periodic report of the United States of America (CAT/C/USA/QPR/6). Retrieved from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/019/66/PDF/G1701966.pdf?OpenElement.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Elze, D.E. (2019). The Lives of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: A Trauma-Informed and Human Rights Perspective. In: Butler, L.D., Critelli, F.M., Carello, J. (eds) Trauma and Human Rights. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16397-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16395-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)