Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prostate Cancer Prevention

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for American men. Hence, it is essential to understand the factors that could be helpful in preventing it. Majority of incident cancer follows an indolent trajectory, although significant percent follows an aggressive trajectory leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. Due to this, the emphasis of the current chapter is on secondary rather than primary prevention. Currently available diagnostic modalities are unable to reliably distinguish between aggressive and indolent disease. Hence, efforts need to be made to understand the factor associated with secondary and tertiary prevention of prostate cancer. This chapter systematically reviews literature starting with the changing guidelines, the modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer prevention, factors affecting prostate cancer survivorship, novel avenues for prostate cancer prevention, and finishing with themes to be addressed in the future that could be instrumental in preventing prostate cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ACS (2018) Cancer facts and figures 2018. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2018.html

  • Algotar AM et al (2011) Dose-dependent effects of selenized yeast on total selenium levels in prostatic tissue of men with prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer 63(1):1–5

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Algotar AM et al (2013) Phase 3 clinical trial investigating the effect of selenium supplementation in men at high-risk for prostate cancer. Prostate 73(3):328–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allchorne P, Green J (2016) Identifying unmet care needs of patients with prostate cancer to assist with their success in coping. Urol Nurs 36(5):224–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andriole GL et al (2009) Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med 360(13):1310–1319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Banerji JS et al (2016) Prostate needle biopsy outcomes in the era of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against prostate specific antigen based screening. J Urol 195(1):66–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barocas DA et al (2015) Effect of the USPSTF Grade D recommendation against screening for prostate cancer on incident prostate cancer diagnoses in the United States. J Urol 194(6):1587–1593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baum RP et al (2016) 177Lu-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen radioligand therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: safety and efficacy. J Nucl Med 57(7):1006–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bluethmann SM, Mariotto AB, Rowland JH (2016) Anticipating the “Silver Tsunami”: prevalence trajectories and comorbidity burden among older cancer survivors in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 25(7):1029–1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonn SE et al (2014) Body mass index and weight change in men with prostate cancer: progression and mortality. Cancer Causes Control 25(8):933–943

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonn SE et al (2015) Physical activity and survival among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24(1):57–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosland MC et al (2013) Effect of soy protein isolate supplementation on biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: a randomized trial. JAMA 310(2):170–178

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brasky TM et al (2013) Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(15):1132–1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calle EE, Kaaks R (2004) Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 4(8):579–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao Y, Ma J (2011) Body mass index, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and biochemical recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4(4):486–501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavarretta I et al (2017) The microbiome of the prostate tumor microenvironment. Eur Urol 72(4):625–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JM et al (2006) Diet after diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer progression, recurrence, and death (United States). Cancer Causes Control 17(2):199–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang PH, Liu YY (2016) Comparisons of oncological and functional outcomes among radical retropubic prostatectomy, high dose rate brachytherapy, cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound for localized prostate cancer. Springerplus 5(1):1905

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chubak J et al (2012) Providing care for cancer survivors in integrated health care delivery systems: practices, challenges, and research opportunities. J Oncol Pract 8(3):184–189

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clark LC et al (1998) Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br J Urol 81(5):730–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook NR et al (2000) Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence by baseline characteristics in the Physicians’ Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 11(7):617–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Discacciati A, Orsini N, Wolk A (2012) Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer--a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol 23(7):1665–1671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drazer MW, Huo D, Eggener SE (2015) National prostate cancer screening rates after the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation discouraging prostate-specific antigen-based screening. J Clin Oncol 33(22):2416–2423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffield-Lillico AJ et al (2003) Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int 91(7):608–612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eapen RS et al (2017) Impact of the United States Preventive Services Task Force ‘D’ recommendation on prostate cancer screening and staging. Curr Opin Urol 27(3):205–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein JI et al (2016) The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma: definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system. Am J Surg Pathol 40(2):244–252

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Focht BC et al (2014) The Individualized Diet and Exercise Adherence Pilot Trial (IDEA-P) in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 15:354

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galet C et al (2014) Effect of a low-fat fish oil diet on proinflammatory eicosanoids and cell-cycle progression score in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7(1):97–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gann PH et al (1999) Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 59(6):1225–1230

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geybels MS et al (2013) Coffee and tea consumption in relation to prostate cancer prognosis. Cancer Causes Control 24(11):1947–1954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci E et al (2002) A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(5):391–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hackshaw-McGeagh L et al (2016) Prostate cancer - evidence of exercise and nutrition trial (PrEvENT): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Trials 17(1):123

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haseen F et al (2009) Is there a benefit from lycopene supplementation in men with prostate cancer? A systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 12(4):325–332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen OP et al (1998) Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(6):440–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt M, Stoval E, et al. (2006). From cancer patient to cancer survivor: lost in transition. N.A. Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B (2008) Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 60(4):421–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (2018) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/iarc-monographs-on-the-evaluation-of-carcinogenic-risks-to-humans-2/

  • Jacobsen PB, Andrykowski MA (2015) Tertiary prevention in cancer care: understanding and addressing the psychological dimensions of cancer during the active treatment period. Am Psychol 70(2):134–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A et al (2015) Prostate cancer incidence and PSA testing patterns in relation to USPSTF screening recommendations. JAMA 314(19):2054–2061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jemal A et al (2016) Prostate cancer incidence rates 2 years after the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations against screening. JAMA Oncol 2(12):1657–1660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jian L, Lee AH, Binns CW (2007) Tea and lycopene protect against prostate cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16(Suppl 1):453–457

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joshu CE et al (2011) Weight gain is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy in the PSA era. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4(4):544–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenfield SA et al (2011a) Physical activity and survival after prostate cancer diagnosis in the health professionals follow-up study. J Clin Oncol 29(6):726–732

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kenfield SA et al (2011b) Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. JAMA 305(24):2548–2555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klein EA et al (2011) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 306(14):1549–1556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolonel LN et al (2000) Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9(8):795–804

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurahashi N et al (2008) Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 167(1):71–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lippman SM et al (2009) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 301(1):39–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J et al (2008) Prediagnostic body-mass index, plasma C-peptide concentration, and prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with prostate cancer: a long-term survival analysis. Lancet Oncol 9(11):1039–1047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mateo J et al (2017) DNA repair in prostate cancer: biology and clinical implications. Eur Urol 71(3):417–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald RJ et al (2015) Intracranial gadolinium deposition after contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 275(3):772–782

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller KD et al (2016) Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 66(4):271–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mondul AM et al (2017) Vitamin D and cancer risk and mortality: state of the science, gaps, and challenges. Epidemiol Rev 39(1):28–48

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Namekawa T et al (2015) Prospective evaluation of the safety of transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy based on adverse events. Int J Clin Oncol 20(6):1185–1191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NCCN (2016). NCCN guidelines Version 2.2016, Survivorship

    Google Scholar 

  • NCCS (2018). Our Mission. https://www.canceradvocacy.org/about-us/our-mission/. Accessed 29 Mar 2018

  • Ornish D et al (2005) Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol 174(3):1065–1069. discussion 1069-70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornish D et al (2008) Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(24):8369–8374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ornish D et al (2013) Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol 14(11):1112–1120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padhani AR et al (2017) METastasis reporting and data system for prostate cancer: practical guidelines for acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluations of multiorgan involvement in advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol 71(1):81–92

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons JK et al (2014) A randomized trial of diet in men with early stage prostate cancer on active surveillance: rationale and design of the Men’s Eating and Living (MEAL) Study (CALGB 70807 [Alliance]). Contemp Clin Trials 38(2):198–203

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peisch SF et al (2017) Prostate cancer progression and mortality: a review of diet and lifestyle factors. World J Urol 35(6):867–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters U et al (2007) Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 16(5):962–968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platz EA et al (2005) Sex steroid hormones and the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14(5):1262–1269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ploussard G et al (2012) The risk of upstaged disease increases with body mass index in low-risk prostate cancer patients eligible for active surveillance. Eur Urol 61(2):356–362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard CC et al (2016) Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 375(5):443–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qin LQ et al (2007) Milk consumption is a risk factor for prostate cancer in Western countries: evidence from cohort studies. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16(3):467–476

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick MJ et al (2015) Prostate cancer survivorship care guideline: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline endorsement. J Clin Oncol 33(9):1078–1085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman EL et al (2010) Intakes of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs and risk of prostate cancer progression. Am J Clin Nutr 91(3):712–721

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman EL et al (2011a) Egg, red meat, and poultry intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen-era: incidence and survival. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4(12):2110–2121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman EL et al (2011b) Physical activity after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor. Cancer Res 71(11):3889–3895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Richman EL et al (2012) Choline intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer: incidence and survival. Am J Clin Nutr 96(4):855–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rieken M et al (2015) Association of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer in patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 68(6):949–956

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rischmann P et al (2017) Focal high intensity focused ultrasound of unilateral localized prostate cancer: a prospective multicentric hemiablation study of 111 patients. Eur Urol 71(2):267–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roethke M et al (2012) MRI-guided prostate biopsy detects clinically significant cancer: analysis of a cohort of 100 patients after previous negative TRUS biopsy. World J Urol 30(2):213–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin MA, Girelli G, Demichelis F (2016) Genomic correlates to the newly proposed grading prognostic groups for prostate cancer. Eur Urol 69(4):557–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schenk JM et al (2014) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of prostate cancer: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23(8):1484–1493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder FH, Roobol MJ (2010) ERSPC and PLCO prostate cancer screening studies: what are the differences? Eur Urol 58(1):46–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder FH et al (2009) Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med 360(13):1320–1328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sfanos KS et al (2018) The inflammatory microenvironment and microbiome in prostate cancer development. Nat Rev Urol 15(1):11–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha R et al (2009) Meat and meat-related compounds and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective cohort study in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 170(9):1165–1177

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Skolarus TA et al (2010) The delivery of prostate cancer care in the United States: implications for delivery system reform. J Urol 184(6):2279–2284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skolarus TA et al (2014) American Cancer Society prostate cancer survivorship care guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin 64(4):225–249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton MS et al (2010) Oral selenium supplementation has no effect on prostate-specific antigen velocity in men undergoing active surveillance for localized prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3(8):1035–1043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski KM, Wheeler DC, Mucci LA (2010) Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 92(5):1223–1233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • USPSTF (2012). Screening for prostate cancer. Clinical summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation

    Google Scholar 

  • USPSTF (2017). Draft evidence review: prostate cancer: screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-evidence-review/prostate-cancer-screening1. Accessed Apr 2017

  • Weinreb JC et al (2016) PI-RADS prostate imaging - reporting and data system: 2015, version 2. Eur Urol 69(1):16–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein SJ et al (2007) Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 16(6):1253–1259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KM et al (2011) Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk and progression in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(11):876–884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KM et al (2016) Meat, fish, poultry, and egg intake at diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 9(12):933–941

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Cancer Research Fund International (2014) Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Prostate Cancer. Available at: https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/prostate-cancer

  • Xu Y et al (2014) Positive association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: new findings from an updated meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 140(9):1465–1477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng J et al (2011) Green tea and black tea consumption and prostate cancer risk: an exploratory meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Cancer 63(5):663–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Amit M. Algotar

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Anne Cress

Authors
  1. Amit M. Algotar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anne Cress
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amit M. Algotar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA

    David S. Alberts

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Lisa M. Hess

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Algotar, A.M., Cress, A. (2019). Prostate Cancer Prevention. In: Alberts, D., Hess, L. (eds) Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15935-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15935-1_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15934-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15935-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation