Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Infectious Diseases in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients pp 131–144Cite as

Prevention and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 620 Accesses

Abstract

The most common hepatotropic viruses observed after solid organ transplantation (SOT) are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). The direct-acting agents against HCV allowed to definitely clear the virus in the large majority of SOT patients and candidates to organ transplantation. The actual challenge is the timing of starting anti-HCV therapy: before or after transplantation? Because of the efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy, HBV-related severe liver disease has become an uncommon indication for liver transplantation in Western countries. HBV prevalence is also quite low both in dialysis patients and in kidney transplant patients. HEV infection has been shown to be responsible for chronic hepatitis in SOT patients. It can also be associated to extrahepatic manifestations. Its treatment relies mainly on the reduction of immunosuppression and ribavirin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Forman LM, Lewis JD, Berlin JA, Feldman HI, Lucey MR. The association between hepatitis C infection and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4):889–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Mathurin P, Mouquet C, Poynard T, Sylla C, Benalia H, Fretz C, et al. Impact of hepatitis B and C virus on kidney transplantation outcome. Hepatology. 1999;29(1):257–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kwong A, Kim WR, Mannalithara A, Heo NY, Udompap P, Kim D. Decreasing mortality and disease severity in hepatitis C patients awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Liver Transpl. 2017;24(6):735–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Saez-Gonzalez E, Vinaixa C, San Juan F, Hontangas V, Benlloch S, Aguilera V, et al. Impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antiviral treatment on the need for liver transplantation (LT). Liver Int. 2017;38(6):1022–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer C, Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, Alam N, Alemayohu MA, et al. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(12):1683–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cholankeril G, Yoo ER, Perumpail RB, Liu A, Sandhu JS, Nair S, et al. Rising rates of hepatocellular carcinoma leading to liver transplantation in baby boomer generation with chronic hepatitis C, alcohol liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver disease. Diseases. 2017;5(4):E20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. van der Meer AJ, Veldt BJ, Feld JJ, Wedemeyer H, Dufour JF, Lammert F, et al. Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis. JAMA. 2012;308(24):2584–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Treat chronic hepatitis C virus infection in decompensated cirrhosis – pre- or post-liver transplantation? The ironic conundrum in the era of effective and well-tolerated therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23(6):408–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Foster GR, Irving WL, Cheung MC, Walker AJ, Hudson BE, Verma S, et al. Impact of direct acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2016;64(6):1224–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Saxena V, Khungar V, Verna EC, Levitsky J, Brown RS Jr, Hassan MA, et al. Safety and efficacy of current direct-acting antiviral regimens in kidney and liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C: results from the HCV-TARGET study. Hepatology. 2017;66(4):1090–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Goldberg DS, Blumberg E, McCauley M, Abt P, Levine M. Improving organ utilization to help overcome the tragedies of the opioid epidemic. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(10):2836–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Terrault NA, McCaughan GW, Curry MP, Gane E, Fagiuoli S, Fung JYY, et al. International liver transplantation society consensus statement on hepatitis C management in liver transplant candidates. Transplantation. 2017;101(5):945–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Reau N. MAGELLAN-2: safety and efficacy of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in liver or renal transplant adults with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1-6 infection. J Hepatol. 2017;66(1):S90–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Herzer K, Welzel TM, Spengler U, Hinrichsen H, Klinker H, Berg T, et al. Real-world experience with daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir +/- ribavirin for post-liver transplant HCV recurrence and severe liver disease. Transpl Int. 2017;30(3):243–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Vukotic R, Conti F, Fagiuoli S, Morelli MC, Pasulo L, Colpani M, et al. Long-term outcomes of direct acting antivirals in post-transplant advanced hepatitis C virus recurrence and fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24(10):858–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Liverpool Uo. Hep drug interactions. https://www.hep-druginteractions.org/2017. Accessed 1 Dec 2017.

  17. Northup PG, Argo CK, Nguyen DT, McBride MA, Kumer SC, Schmitt TM, et al. Liver allografts from hepatitis C positive donors can offer good outcomes in hepatitis C positive recipients: a US National Transplant Registry analysis. Transpl Int. 2010;23(10):1038–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Saberi B, Hamilton JP, Durand CM, Li Z, Philosophe B, Cameron AM, et al. Utilization of hepatitis C RNA-positive donor liver for transplant to hepatitis C RNA-negative recipient. Liver Transpl. 2017;24(1):140–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Martins PN, Movahedi B, Bozorgzadeh A. Transplanting HCV-infected kidneys into uninfected recipients. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1104–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Levitsky J, Formica RN, Bloom RD, Charlton M, Curry M, Friedewald J, et al. The American society of transplantation consensus conference on the use of hepatitis C viremic donors in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(11):2790–802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Morales JM, Fabrizi F. Hepatitis C and its impact on renal transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11(3):172–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kamar N, Ribes D, Izopet J, Rostaing L. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) after renal transplantation: implications for HCV-positive dialysis patients awaiting a kidney transplant. Transplantation. 2006;82(7):853–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Roth D, Nelson DR, Bruchfeld A, Liapakis A, Silva M, Monsour H Jr, et al. Grazoprevir plus elbasvir in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection and stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease (the C-SURFER study): a combination phase 3 study. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1537–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pockros PJ, Reddy KR, Mantry PS, Cohen E, Bennett M, Sulkowski MS, et al. Efficacy of direct-acting antiviral combination for patients with hepatitis c virus genotype 1 infection and severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(7):1590–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Suda G, Kudo M, Nagasaka A, Furuya K, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi T, et al. Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy in chronic hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(7):733–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gane E, Lawitz E, Pugatch D, Papatheodoridis G, Brau N, Brown A, et al. Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in patients with HCV and severe renal impairment. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1448–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Desnoyer A, Pospai D, Le MP, Gervais A, Heurgue-Berlot A, Laradi A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of a full dose sofosbuvir-based regimen given daily in hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2016;65(1):40–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dumortier J, Bailly F, Pageaux GP, Vallet-Pichard A, Radenne S, Habersetzer F, et al. Sofosbuvir-based antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus patients with severe renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;32(12):2065–71.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sise ME, Backman E, Ortiz GA, Hundemer GL, Ufere NN, Chute DF, et al. Effect of sofosbuvir-based hepatitis C virus therapy on kidney function in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1615–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kamar N, Marion O, Rostaing L, Cointault O, Ribes D, Lavayssiere L, et al. Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based antiviral therapy to treat hepatitis C virus infection after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(5):1474–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sawinski D, Kaur N, Ajeti A, Trofe-Clark J, Lim M, Bleicher M, et al. Successful treatment of hepatitis C in renal transplant recipients with direct-acting antiviral agents. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(5):1588–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Colombo M, Aghemo A, Liu H, Zhang J, Dvory-Sobol H, Hyland R, et al. Treatment with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir for 12 or 24 weeks in kidney transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 4 infection: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(2):109–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Morales JM, Campistol JM, Dominguez-Gil B, Andres A, Esforzado N, Oppenheimer F, et al. Long-term experience with kidney transplantation from hepatitis C-positive donors into hepatitis C-positive recipients. Am J Transplant. 2010;10(11):2453–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bhamidimarri KR, Ladino M, Pedraza F, Guerra G, Mattiazzi A, Chen L, et al. Transplantation of kidneys from hepatitis C-positive donors into hepatitis C virus-infected recipients followed by early initiation of direct acting antiviral therapy: a single-center retrospective study. Transpl Int. 2017;30(9):865–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Goldberg DS, Abt PL, Reese PP, Investigators TT. Transplanting HCV-infected kidneys into uninfected recipients. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kumar S, Deo SV, Altarabsheh SE, Dunlay SM, Sarabu N, Sareyyupoglu B, et al. Effect of hepatitis C positivity on survival in adult patients undergoing heart transplantation (from the united network for organ sharing database). Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(1):132–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Trakroo S, Qureshi K. Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection with direct-acting antivirals in a heart transplant recipient: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2015;47(7):2295–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. D’Ambrosio R, Colombo M. Should surveillance for liver cancer be modified in hepatitis C patients after treatment-related cirrhosis regression? Liver Int. 2016;36(6):783–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Doucette K, Sumner S, Weinkauf J. Treatment of hepatitis C in a lung transplant recipient with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(6):840–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Khan B, Singer LG, Lilly LB, Chaparro C, Martinu T, Juvet S, et al. Successful lung transplantation from hepatitis C positive donor to seronegative recipient. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(4):1129–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Halleck F, Budde K, Duerr M, Staeck O, Hofmann J, Eisenberger U, et al. Transplanting HCV-infected kidneys into uninfected recipients. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(11):1103–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Todo S, Demetris AJ, Van Thiel D, Teperman L, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Orthotopic liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver disease. Hepatology. 1991;13(4):619–26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Terrault N, Roche B, Samuel D. Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting: a European and an American perspective. Liver Transpl. 2005;11(7):716–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Radhakrishnan K, Chi A, Quan DJ, Roberts JP, Terrault NA. Short course of postoperative hepatitis B immunoglobulin plus antivirals prevents reinfection of liver transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2017;101(9):2079–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Onoe T, Tahara H, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H. Prophylactic managements of hepatitis B viral infection in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(1):165–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Fung J, Wong T, Chok K, Chan A, Cheung TT, Dai JW, et al. Long-term outcomes of entecavir monotherapy for chronic hepatitis B after liver transplantation: results up to 8 years. Hepatology. 2017;66(4):1036–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gane EJ, Patterson S, Strasser SI, McCaughan GW, Angus PW. Combination of lamivudine and adefovir without hepatitis B immune globulin is safe and effective prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus recurrence in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive liver transplant candidates. Liver Transpl. 2013;19(3):268–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis GV, Burroughs AK. Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2010;52(2):272–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Huprikar S, Danziger-Isakov L, Ahn J, Naugler S, Blumberg E, Avery RK, et al. Solid organ transplantation from hepatitis B virus-positive donors: consensus guidelines for recipient management. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(5):1162–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V, Kanwal F, Dulai G. HBsAg seropositive status and survival after renal transplantation: meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(12):2913–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Tanaka S, Yoshiba M, Iino S, Fukuda M, Nakao H, Tsuda F, et al. A common-source outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients induced by precore mutant. Kidney Int. 1995;48(6):1972–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fornairon S, Pol S, Legendre C, Carnot F, Mamzer-Bruneel MF, Brechot C, et al. The long-term virologic and pathologic impact of renal transplantation on chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Transplantation. 1996;62(2):297–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Cosconea S, Fontaine H, Meritet JF, Corouge M, Sogni P, Vallet-Pichard A, et al. Benefits associated with antiviral treatment in kidney allograft recipients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):55–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kamar N, Sandres-Saune K, Ribes D, Duffaut M, Selves J, Durand D, et al. Effects of long-term lamivudine therapy in renal-transplant patients. J Clin Virol. 2004;31(4):298–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Fontaine H, Thiers V, Chretien Y, Zylberberg H, Poupon RE, Brechot C, et al. HBV genotypic resistance to lamivudine in kidney recipients and hemodialyzed patients. Transplantation. 2000;69(10):2090–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Shiffman ML, Pol S, Rostaing L, Schiff E, Thabut D, Zeuzem S, et al. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil liquid suspension in patients with chronic hepatitis B and renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51(9):1293–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kamar N, Huart A, Tack I, Alric L, Izopet J, Rostaing L. Renal side effects of adefovir in hepatitis B virus-(HBV) positive kidney allograft recipients. Clin Nephrol. 2009;71(1):36–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kamar N, Milioto O, Alric L, El Kahwaji L, Cointault O, Lavayssiere L, et al. Entecavir therapy for adefovir-resistant hepatitis B virus infection in kidney and liver allograft recipients. Transplantation. 2008;86(4):611–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Daude M, Rostaing L, Saune K, Lavayssiere L, Basse G, Esposito L, et al. Tenofovir therapy in hepatitis B virus-positive solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2011;91(8):916–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hosenpud JD, Pamidi SR, Fiol BS, Cinquegrani MP, Keck BM. Outcomes in patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen-positive before transplantation: an analysis and study using the joint ISHLT/UNOS thoracic registry. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19(8):781–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Grossi P, Dalla Gasperina D, Furione M, Vigano M, Minoli L. Lamivudine treatment for HBV infection following thoracic organ transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2001;33(1–2):1576–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia NS, Ijaz S, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E. Lancet. 2012;379(9835):2477–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kamar N, Izopet J, Pavio N, Aggarwal R, Labrique A, Wedemeyer H, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, Ouezzani L, Peron JM, Guitard J, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(8):811–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB, Garrigue V, Pischke S, Chauvet C, et al. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(5):1481–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Kamar N, Izopet J, Tripon S, Bismuth M, Hillaire S, Dumortier J, et al. Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1111–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Abravanel F, Lhomme S, Rostaing L, Kamar N, Izopet J. Protracted fecal shedding of HEV during ribavirin therapy predicts treatment relapse. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(1):96–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kamar N, Lhomme S, Abravanel F, Cointault O, Esposito L, Cardeau-Desangles I, et al. An early viral response predicts the virological response to ribavirin in hepatitis E virus organ transplant patients. Transplantation. 2015;99(10):2124–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kamar N, Rostaing L, Abravanel F, Garrouste C, Esposito L, Cardeau-Desangles I, et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha for treating chronic hepatitis E virus infection after liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(5):e30–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Barnaud E, Rogee S, Garry P, Rose N, Pavio N. Thermal inactivation of infectious hepatitis E virus in experimentally contaminated food. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(15):5153–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang J, Zhang XF, Huang SJ, Wu T, Hu YM, Wang ZZ, et al. Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(10):914–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Karen Doucette

  2. Departments of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, INSERM U1043, IFR–BMT, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    Nassim Kamar

Authors
  1. Karen Doucette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nassim Kamar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nassim Kamar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Oriol Manuel

  2. School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, IL, USA

    Michael G Ison

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Doucette, K., Kamar, N. (2019). Prevention and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. In: Manuel, O., Ison, M. (eds) Infectious Diseases in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15394-6_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15394-6_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15393-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15394-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation