Skip to main content

Turning Open Government Data into Public Value: Testing the COPS Framework for the Co-creation of OGD-Driven Public Services

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Public Administration and Information Technology ((PAIT,volume 31))

Abstract

This chapter aims to demonstrate and understand how open government data can generate public value by allowing any actor to co-create an open government data-driven public service. The chapter takes a holistic approach to understanding open government data-driven co-creation and follows a content-context-process approach for the framework development. The framework proposes a public service co-creation cycle based around the ideas of agile and lean development that should lead to increased usage of open government data. The co-creation cycle is made up of four parts: co-initiation, co-design, co-implementation, and co-evaluation. To test the propositions put forth by the framework, a multi-case study was conducted on five different pilot projects that aimed to use open government data in the co-creation of new public services. The pilots were conducted at different levels of government and across different public domains. The results of the study seem to support the propositions outlined by the framework, though it also emerged that the pilots that engaged in co-implementation had higher levels of user engagement and satisfaction with the service; this warrants future empirical research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See http://www.opengovintelligence.eu for details.

References

  • Angelopoulos, S., Kitsios, F., Kofakis, P., & Papadopoulos, T. (2010). Emerging barriers in e-government implementation. In M. A. Wimmer, J.-L. Chappelet, M. Janssen, & H. J. Scholl (Eds.), Electronic government: Proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 8.5 international conference, EGOV 2010 (pp. 216–225). Lausanne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, E., & Bannister, F. (2014). Barriers to open data release: A view from the top. Information Polity, 19, 129–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., … Thomas, D. (2001). Manifesto for Agile Software Development. Retrieved March 16, 2019, from https://agilemanifesto.org/iso/en/manifesto.html.

  • Bertot, J. C., Gorham, U., Jaeger, P. T., Sarin, L. C., & Choi, H. (2014). Big data, open government and e-government: Issues, policies and recommendations. Information Polity, 19, 5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovaird, T., & Loeffler, E. (2012). From engagement to co-production: The contribution of users and communities to outcomes and public value. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 23, 1119–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charalabidis, Y., Alexopoulos, C., Diamantopoulou, V., & Androutsopoulou, A. (2016). An open data and open services repository for supporting citizen-driven application development for governance. In 49th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS 2016) (pp. 2596–2604). Kauai: IEEE.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, A., & Highsmith, J. (2001). Agile software development: The people factor. Computer (Long. Beach. Calif), 34, 131–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordella, A., & Paletti, A. (2017). Value creation, ICT, and co-production in public sector: Bureaucracy, opensourcing and crowdsourcing. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (pp. 185–194). ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cucciniello, M., Nasi, G., Mele, V., Valotti, G., Bazurli, R., Cucciniello, M., ... & Bazurli, R. (2014). Determinants and barriers of adoption, diffusion and upscaling of ICT-driven social innovation in the public sector: A systematic review (No. 6). LIPSE Project–Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cucciniello, M., Nasi, G., Mele, V., Valotti, G., & Bazurli, R. (2015). Determinants and barriers of adoption, diffusion and upscaling of ICT-driven social innovation in the public sector: A systematic review. Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, S. S., Vidiasovab, L., Parkhimovichc, O., Dawesa, S., Vidiasovab, L., Parkhimovichc, O., Dawes, S. S., Vidiasova, L., & Parkhimovich, O. (2016). Planning and designing open government data programs: An ecosystem approach. Government Information Quarterly, 33, 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, H., Bekkers, V., & Tummers, L. (2016). Innovation in the public sector: A systematic review and future research agenda. Public Administration, 94, 146–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denhardt, R. B., & Denhardt, J. V. (2000). The new public service: Serving rather than steering. Public Administration Review, 60, 549–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos Brito, K., da Silva Costa, M. A., Garcia, V. C., & de Lemos Meira, S. R. (2015). Assessing the benefits of open government data: The case of Meu Congresso Nacional in Brazilian elections 2014. In Proceedings of the 16th annual international conference on digital government research (dg.o 2015) (pp. 89–96). Phoenix: ACM.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission - DG Connect - The Public Services Unit. (2013). A vision for public services (Draft). Brussels. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=3179

  • Foulonneau, M., Martin, S., & Turki, S. (2014a). How open data are turned into services? In Lecture notes in business information processing (Vol. 169 LNBIP, pp. 31–39).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foulonneau, M., Turki, S., Vidou, G., & Martin, S. (2014b). Open data in service design. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 12, 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J., & Quirke, S. (2013). Understanding e-democracy: Government-led initiatives for democratic reform. Journal of e-democracy and open government, 5(2), 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galasso, G., Garbasso, G., Farina, G., Osimo, D., Mureddu, F., Kalvet, T., & Waller, P. (2016). Analysis of the value of new generation of eGovernment services and how can the public sector become an agent of innovation through ICT. Brussels: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/final report ogs web v3.0 0.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Zapata, F., & Heeks, R. (2015). The multiple meanings of open government data: Understanding different stakeholders and their perspectives. Government Information Quarterly, 32, 441–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J., Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2013). Collaborative innovation: A viable alternative to market competition and organizational entrepreneurship. Public Administration Review, 73, 821–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, K. (2011). The influence of the PSI directive on open government data: An overview of recent developments. Government Information Quarterly, 28, 446–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, M., & van der Voort, H. (2016). Adaptive governance: Towards a stable, accountable and responsive government. Government Information Quarterly, 33, 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government. Information Systems Management, 29, 258–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, M., Konopnicki, D., Snowdon, J. L., & Ojo, A. (2017). Driving public sector innovation using big and open linked data (BOLD). Information Systems Frontiers, 19, 189–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassen, M. (2013). A promising phenomenon of open data: A case study of the Chicago open data project. Government Information Quarterly, 30, 508–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khayyat, M., & Bannister, F. (2017). Towards a model for facilitating and enabling co-creation using open government data. Information Polity, 22, 211–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lember, V. (2018). The increasing role of new technologies in co-production. In T. Brandsen, T. Steen, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), Co-production and co-creation: Engaging citizens in public service delivery. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lember, V., Kattel, R., & Kalvet, T. (2014). Public procurement and innovation: Theory and practice. In Public procurement, innovation and policy (pp. 13–34). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Linders, D. (2012). From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly, 29, 446–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lönn, C.-M., & Uppström, E. (2015). Core aspects for value co-creation in public sector. In Americas conference on information systems (pp. 1–12).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcbride, K. D., Aavik, G., Kalvet, T., & Krimmer, R. (2018). Co-creating an open government data driven public service: The case of Chicago’s food inspection forecasting model. In 51st Hawaii international conference on system sciences (Vol. 9, pp. 2453–2462).

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, K., Aavik, G., Toots, M., Kalvet, T., & Krimmer, R. (2019). How does open government data driven co-creation occur? Six factors and a ‘perfect storm’; insights from Chicago’s food inspection forecasting model. Government Information Quarterly, 36(1), 88–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin, U. (2016). Challenges and benefits in an open data initiative – a local government case study of myths and realities. In Electronic government and electronic participation: Joint proceedings of ongoing research and projects of IFIP WG 8.5 EGOV and EPart 2016. Guimarães: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-670-5-111.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mergel, I. (2015a). Open collaboration in the public sector: The case of social coding on GitHub. Government Information Quarterly, 32, 464–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mergel, I. (2015b). Opening government: Designing open innovation processes to collaborate with external problem solvers. Social Science Computer Review, 33, 599–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mergel, I. (2016). Agile innovation management in government: A research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 33, 516–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mergel, I., Rethemeyer, R. K., & Isett, K. (2016). Big data in public affairs. Public Administration Review, 76, 928–937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minister for Government Policy. (2011). Open Public Services White Paper. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/255288/OpenPublicServices-WhitePaper.pdf.

  • Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications. (2013). Green paper on the organisation of public services. Retrieved from https://www.mkm.ee/sites/default/files/green_paper_oige.pdf

  • Nambisan, S., & Nambisan, P. (2013). Engaging citizens in co-creation in public services: Lessons learned and best practices. In IBM Center for the business of government (Collaboration across boundaries series) (pp. 1–52). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278391463_Engaging_Citizens_in_Co-Creation_in_Public_Services_Lessons_Learned_and_Best_Practices.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2011). Together for better public services: Partnering with citizens and civil society. OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264118843-en.

  • Open Knowledge International. (2018). Open knowledge: What is open? Retrieved March 16, 2019, from https://okfn.org/opendata/

  • Osborne, S. P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030600853022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, S. P. (2009). Debate: Delivering public services: Are we asking the right questions? Public Money and Management, 29, 5–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, S. P., Radnor, Z., & Nasi, G. (2013). A new theory for public service management? Toward a (public) service-dominant approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 43, 135–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, S. P., Radnor, Z., & Strokosch, K. (2016). Co-production and the Co-creation of value in public services: A suitable case for treatment? Public Management Review, 18(5), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1111927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peristeras, V., & Tarabanis, K. (2008). The GEA: Governance enterprise architecture framework and models. In P. Saha (Ed.), Advances in government enterprise architecture. Hershey: IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, A. M. (2011). The awakening giant (Routledge revivals): Continuity and change in imperial chemical industries 1st edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pollitt, C., Bouckaert, G., & Löffler, E. (2006). Making quality sustainable: Co-produce and co-evaluate the quality journey to 4Qc. In 4QC Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ries, E. (2011). The lean startup: How today’s entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses. New York: Crown Business. isbn:978-0-307-88791-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruijer, E., Grimmelikhuijsen, S., & Meijer, A. (2017). Open data for democracy: developing a theoretical framework for open data use. Government Information Quarterly, 34, 45–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrock, A., & Shaffer, G. (2017). Data ideologies of an interested public: A study of grassroots open government data intermediaries. Big Data & Society, 4, 205395171769075.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soe, R. M., & Drechsler, W. (2018). Agile local governments: Experimentation before implementation. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 323–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symons, V. J. (1991). A review of information systems evaluation: Content, context and process. European Journal of Information Systems, 1, 205–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toots, M., McBride, K., Kalvet, T., Krimmer, R., Tambouris, E., Panopoulou, E., Kalampokis, E., & Tarabanis, K. (2017a). A framework for data-driven public service co-production. In EGOV-EPART2017. St. Petersburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toots, M., Mcbride, K., Kalvet, T., & Krimmer, R. (2017b). Open data as enabler of public service co-creation: Exploring the drivers and barriers. In International conference for e-democracy and open government (pp. 102–112). Krems: IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigoda, E. (2002). From responsiveness to collaboration: Governance, citizens, and the next generation of public administration. Public Administration Review, 62, 527–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voorberg, W. H., Bekkers, V. J. J. M., & Tummers, L. G. (2015). A systematic review of co-creation and co-production: Embarking on the social innovation journey. Public Management Review, 17, 1333–1357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuiderwijk, A., & Janssen, M. (2014). Open data policies, their implementation and impact: A framework for comparison. Government Information Quarterly, 31, 17–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuiderwijk, A., Janssen, M., Choenni, S., Meijer, R., & Alibaks, R. S. (2012). Socio-technical impediments of open data. Electronic Journal of Electronic Government, 10, 156–172.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the European Commission (OpenGovIntelligence H2020 grant 693849) and Estonian Research Council (PUT773, PUT1361). We thank all the collaborators in the OpenGovIntelligence project. We are especially thankful to Efthimios Tambouris, Eleni Panopoulou, Evangelos Kalampokis, and Konstantinos Tarabanis for their collaboration in the development of earlier versions of the framework and to the piloting partners for testing and providing feedback regarding the framework. We have also benefitted from extensive discussions with Marijn Janssen and Ricardo Matheus.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Keegan McBride .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

McBride, K., Toots, M., Kalvet, T., Krimmer, R. (2019). Turning Open Government Data into Public Value: Testing the COPS Framework for the Co-creation of OGD-Driven Public Services. In: Rodríguez Bolívar, M., Bwalya, K., Reddick, C. (eds) Governance Models for Creating Public Value in Open Data Initiatives. Public Administration and Information Technology, vol 31. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14446-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics