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Deviance in Social Media and Social Cyber Forensics pp 1–26Cite as

Deviance in Social Media

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Abstract

In this chapter, we explain what we mean by deviance in social media . We give examples of four types of deviance as observed on social media, viz., deviant acts , deviant events , deviant tactics , and deviant groups . We provide historical information, definitions, and examples that will be studied/explained in more details throughout the book. This chapter would help the readers understand the scope of the problem of deviance in social media, familiarize with definitions and examples of deviant events, groups, acts, and tactics, and peek at the social science theories that can explain such emergent deviant behaviors on social media.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A very well-known example of social movements that succeeded due to the role of social media—as it acted as a vehicle for change in many countries—was during the so-called the “Arab Spring.” When Mr. Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old Tunisian fruit vendor set himself on fire, on December 18, 2010, in a protest in front of a government building. This led to many protests and grievance that caused President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to step down. That act was captured on camera and disseminated on social media, which encouraged many other countries to protest against the authoritarian regimes in the Middle-East [5].

  2. 2.

    Parkour is the manifestation in which traceurs (parkour practitioners) jump between distance rooftops, climb vertical walls, and continuously search for new ways to challenge the rules of gravity. Parkour history is more than 100 years as Michael Atkinson states in his article “Parkour, Anarcho-Environmentalism, and Poiesis” [6]. This practice goes back to a style called Hebertism that emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century. The practice contains variety of obstacles and landscapes usually in the wooded setting “as an unfettered animal” [7]. The first parkour was formed originally in Paris and since then it emerged all over the world, from Canada and USA to Russia and the Philippines.

  3. 3.

    The dark web constitutes only one part of what is called the invisible web [12], hidden web [13], or deep web [14]. The dark web websites use anonymity tools such as the “packet based routing,” i.e., the Invisible Internet Project (I2P) and the “circuit based routing,” i.e., The Onion Router (TOR) to conceal their IP address [15]. The dark web is known for having markets that sell various illegal products such as drugs, guns, and even child pornography. In addition to having these types of markets, many people use the dark web because it provides protection against censorship or surveillance [15]. The invisible, hidden, or deep web is a part of the World Wide Web that is not indexed by any standard search engine. The “surface web” is the opposite of the “deep web,” i.e., the part of the World Wide Web that is indexed by standard search engines [16].

  4. 4.

    Iraq Prime Minister Declares Victory Over ISIS. The NY Times, December 9, 2017. Available at https://goo.gl/AkUJkT.

  5. 5.

    Westoxification is the state of being inebriated with Western culture and ideas.

  6. 6.

    U.S. helping Ukraine investigate power grid hack. Reuters. January 12, 2016. Available at http://reut.rs/1PqNAYG.

  7. 7.

    Anonymous is hacking Israeli Web sites. The Washington Post. November 17, 2012. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/17/anonymous-is-hacking-israeli-web-sites/.

  8. 8.

    Anonymous uses Twitter to highlight humanitarian crisis in Burma. The Verge. March 26, 2013. Available at https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/26/4148908/anonymous-oprohingya-burma-myanmar-humanitarian-crisis-campaign.

  9. 9.

    #OpNimr: Anonymous fight to stop execution of Saudi youth. Al-Jazeera, September 28, 2015. Available at http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201509282137-0025017.

  10. 10.

    Anonymous: CIA, Interpol websites “tango down.” Reuters. 2012.

  11. 11.

    Anonymous launched #OpBeast against animal cruelty and depravity. TechWorm. 2015.

  12. 12.

    Woebot is a chatbot that helps people track their mood and give them therapeutic advices, available at https://woebot.io.

  13. 13.

    Supra-dyadic relations are the relations that involve more than two nodes, i.e., a set of nodes such as food webs [74].

  14. 14.

    Hypergraph is a graph in which each edge/relation is called a hyperedge and it connects more than two nodes that can be of different types.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Journalism, Media & Computing, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA

    Samer Al-khateeb

  2. Information Science Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA

    Nitin Agarwal

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  1. Samer Al-khateeb
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Al-khateeb, S., Agarwal, N. (2019). Deviance in Social Media. In: Deviance in Social Media and Social Cyber Forensics. SpringerBriefs in Cybersecurity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13690-1_1

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