Abstract
Arrests are normally followed by prosecutions provided there is sufficient evidence to establish the defendant’s guilt, so what sort of evidence might be used in a trial?
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Notes
- 1.
Daniel Stiles Ivory Trafficking in California, USA 2014.
- 2.
John Simpson Police forensics kit snares poachers The Times, 29 December 2017.
- 3.
The project, Determination of Age and Geographical Origin of African Elephant Ivory, ran from 1 July 2010 to 31 December 2016. The final report for the project Geographical Origin was prepared by Stefan Ziegler, WWF West Germany, and published in March 2017.
- 4.
S. K. Wasser, W. J. Clark, O. Drori, E. S. Kisamo, C. Maitland, B. Mutayoba, and M. Stephens, Combatting the Illegal Trade in African Elephant Ivory with DNA Forensics’, Conservation Biology, Volume 22, No. 4, p. 1065. Published 2008.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Wasser et al. 2004, see (n.4).
- 7.
Ibid, p. 1068.
- 8.
Jo Hastis, Julian Newman and Mary Rice Back in Business: Elephant Poaching and the Ivory Black Markets of Asia EIA, 2002; and Wasser et al. 2007, see (n.4), p.1069.
- 9.
Lee et al. 2013, in Iyengar, A. Forensic DNA analysis for animal protection and biodiversity conservation: A review Journal for Nature Conservation (2014). See https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2013.12.001 Accessed 27/02/2014.
- 10.
Gupta, Thangaraj et al. 2011 in ibid., pp. 6 and 2.
- 11.
Uno et al. 2013.
- 12.
Daniel Stiles Ivory Trafficking in California, USA . 2014.
- 13.
Hsing-Mei Hsieh, Li-Hung Huang, Li-Chin Tsai, Yi-Chen Kuo, Hsien-Huei Meng, Adrian Linacre, James Chun-I Lee, Species identification of rhinoceros horns using the cytochrome b gene, Forensic Science International 136 (2003) 1–11. See www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Accessed 07/05/2015.
- 14.
Forensics to support the fight against wildlife crime Department: Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa, CITES. See http://www.cites.org/eng/news/pr/2013/20131106_forensics.php Accessed 07/05/2015.
- 15.
Dr. Cindy Harper. For a clear explanation of the database in its early days, see Dr. Cindy Harper RhODIS profiling and a DNA database as a tool to protect the Rhino published by Peppin L. et al in 2009, financial support coming from WWF, Stop Rhino Poaching, SAB, SYMCO and Rhino Alive.
- 16.
Dr. Lucy Webster Global forensics to tackle rhinoceros poaching Legal Eagle, November 2016, No. 80; and Hanti Schrader Scientists join fight against rhino poaching News 24 16//07/2016. See http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/scientists-join-fight-against-poachi Accessed 11/08/2016.
- 17.
The research paper, the result of a collaboration between scientists from USA, South Africa and Russia, was published in Current Biology in January 2018, see Saving Rhinos Using DNA Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute 9 February 2018, https://nationalzoo.si.edu/center-for-species-survival/news/saving-rhinos-using-dna Accessed 13/03/2018.
- 18.
TRAFFIC Wildlife forensics: a new weapon for Southern African countries to help bring poachers to book 16 March 2018. See http://www.traffic.org/home/2018/3/16/wildlife-forensics-a-new-weapon-for-southern Accessed 27/03/2018.
- 19.
Daniel Stiles 2015 p. 10.
- 20.
Ibid.
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Martin, B. (2019). Evidence. In: Survival or Extinction?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13293-4_27
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