Abstract
Our story now moves to the farther side of the planet, for although some of the illegal ivory is sold in the domestic markets of many African countries, most of it is smuggled, often by circuitous routes, to southeast Asia where we must follow.
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Notes
- 1.
Dublin et al. 2006; see Daniel Stiles (2009). The elephant and ivory trade in Thailand TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, p. 1.
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Former Director of the CITES Division quoted in the Bangkok Post, Anon. 2001; see Stiles (n.1), p. 8.
- 4.
Anon. 2007a, ibid.
- 5.
Anon. 2006a, ibid., p. 9.
- 6.
Doak, N. (2014). Polishing off the Ivory Trade: Surveys of Thailand’s Ivory Market . TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK, p. 12.
- 7.
Luxmoore, see Stiles (n.1), p. 24.
- 8.
Martin and Stiles 2002, ibid.
- 9.
Ivory carvers in Phayuha Khiri, pers. comm. to Daniel Stiles, 2003, ibid.
- 10.
Ibid, p. 26.
- 11.
Ibid, p. 50.
- 12.
Luxmoore, 1989; Martin and Stiles 2002, ibid.
- 13.
See Doak (n.6), p. 1.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Ibid.
- 16.
Leimgruber et al. 2003; see Chris R. Shepherd and Vincent Nijman (2008): Elephant and Ivory Trade in Myanmar. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, p. 2.
- 17.
Aung 1997, ibid., p. 4.
- 18.
Martin and Stiles 2002; Naylor 2005, ibid.
- 19.
Tin Tun, Deputy Director, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division in litt. to TRAFFIC 2007, ibid.
- 20.
U Than Myint, WCS Myanmar Program, in litt. to TRAFFIC 2007, ibid., p. 5.
- 21.
Anon., WCS Myanmar Program, in litt. to TRAFFIC, 2007, ibid., p. 5.
- 22.
Ibid, p. 11. The illegal trade in ivory was only part of this research.
- 23.
See Shepherd and Nijman (n.16).
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
Milliken et al. 2009; see Esmond Martin and Lucy Vigne (2011) The Ivory Dynasty: A report on the soaring demand for elephant and mammoth ivory in southern China published by Elephant Family, the Aspinall Foundation, and Columbus Zoo and Aquarium 2011.
- 30.
Ibid, p. 6.
- 31.
See State Forestry Administration notice regarding ivory processing factories (2004) #85.
- 32.
Grace G. Gabriel, Ning Hua, Juan Wang, Making a Killing: A 2011 Survey of Ivory Markets in China IFAW (The International Fund for Animal Welfare), p. 9.
- 33.
Wan Ziming pers. comm. February and March 2011; in 2010 Wan Ziming worked in the CITES office in Beijing; see Martin and Vigne (n.29), p. 6.
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
Ibid, p. 10.
- 38.
Up from 3064 items in 2004 to 6541 in 2011.
- 39.
See Martin and Vigne (n.29).
- 40.
Ibid, p. 14.
- 41.
Ibid, p. 16.
- 42.
See Gabriel, Hua, Wang (n.32), p. 7.
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
See Gabriel, Hua, Wang (n.32).
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Martin, B. (2019). Markets in Southeast Asia. In: Survival or Extinction?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13293-4_14
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