Abstract
In each case, before looking at the results of the survey, we will look at relevant legislation, to see just how well each country is protecting its elephants and rhinos.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Milliken, T. Pole, A. and Huongo, A. (2006) No Peace for Elephants: Unregulated Domestic Ivory Market s in Angola and Mozambique. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
- 2.
The Decreto executive conjunto n. 0 36/99 of January 1999, a Combined Executive Decree as both the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development had input into its administration.
- 3.
See Milliken, Pole and Huongo (n.1), p.9.
- 4.
Maria Teresa Cirelli, Elisa Morgera Wildlife Law and the Legal Empowerment of the Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa, FAO Legal Papers Online 77, May 2009.
- 5.
de Klemm and Lausche 1986, in Milliken, Pole and Huongo (n.1), p.26.
- 6.
Ibid, Issufo 2005.
- 7.
Milliken (n.1) comments that this essentially negated the practical impact and efficacy of these laws.
- 8.
Milliken, Pole and Huongo (n.1).
- 9.
Law 10/99 of 7 July 1999.
- 10.
Of 6 June 2002.
- 11.
Art 12(3) and other articles.
- 12.
As noted in CITES Resolution Conf. 10.10 (Rev. CoP12).
- 13.
Milliken, Pole and Huongo (n.1).
- 14.
Nkoke, S. C. Lagrot J. F. Ringuet, S. and Milliken, T. (2017). Ivory Markets in Central Africa – Market Surveys in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon: 2007, 2009. 2014/2015. TRAFFIC. Yaounde, Cameroon and Cambridge, UK.
- 15.
Martin & Stiles 2000.
- 16.
Nkoke, Lagrot, Ringuet and Milliken (n.14), p.xiv.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Ringuet & Lagrot, 2013, in Nkoke, Lagrot, Ringuet and Milliken (n.14), p.80.
- 19.
Martin, E. and Milliken, T. 2005 No Oasis: the Egyptian Ivory Trade in 2005. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK, p.1.
- 20.
Ibid, p.15.
- 21.
Ibid, p.21.
- 22.
Illegal ivory trade blooms during Egypt’s Arab Spring, TRAFFIC – Wildlife Trade News – Illegal ivory trade blooms during… See http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/1/30/illegal-ivory-trade-blooms-d... Accessed 28/10/2014.
- 23.
Courouble, M., Hurst, F. and Milliken, T. 2003. More Ivory than Elephants: domestic ivory markets in three West African countries. TRAFFIC International, United Kingdom.
- 24.
Martin and Stiles 2000, ibid. p. i.
- 25.
Ibid, p.iii.
- 26.
Dublin et al. 1995; see Esmond Martin and Lucy Vigne LAGOS, NIGERIA: One of the Largest Retail Centres for Illegal Ivory Surveyed to Date, TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 25 No. 1 (2013), p.35.
- 27.
Martin and Stiles, 2000, ibid.
- 28.
See Courouble, Hurst and Milliken (n.23).
- 29.
A procedure (an intersessional process) carried out under CITES Decision 12.39.
- 30.
See Courouble, Hurst and Milliken (n.23), p.v.
- 31.
Milliken et al., 2009; see Martin and VIgne (n.26), p.35.
- 32.
CITES, 2011a,b, ibid.
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
Ibid, p.38.
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
Said et al., 1995, ibid., p.36.
- 37.
Omondi et al. 2006, ibid.
- 38.
Blanc et al. 2007, ibid.
- 39.
Bergl et al. 2011, ibid.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martin, B. (2019). Markets in Africa. In: Survival or Extinction?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13293-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13293-4_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13292-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13293-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)