Abstract
The Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands UNESCO Global Geopark hosts one of the most extensive and diverse volcanic anchialine ecosystems in the world, consisting of water bodies with marine origin that penetrated inland through coastal crevicular systems. Marine infiltration is facilitated by the low rainfall and the permeability of the coastal terrains. Best known for Túnel de la Atlántida, Lanzarote has other types of anchialine habitats, such as pools, lakes, and even hand-made wells, all of them interconnected with the crevicular system. So far, 39 endemic stygobitic species of crustacean, annelids, and platyhelminthes have been described in the island. Some of them belong to lineages previously interpreted as Tethyan vicariant relicts because they belong in ancient groups restricted to caves situated in areas along the coastline of the ancient Tethys Sea, such as Mexico, Bahamas or Western Australia. Others, instead, have clear affinities with deep-sea lineages, suggesting that their ancestors might have dispersed into the island from surrounding deep-sea environments. In overall, while the anchialine habitats of Lanzarote are relatively small in comparison to other regions, the presence of so many species with such a diverse origin have puzzled zoologists and biogeographers throughout the 20th century, who have regarded the island as a model to understand the origin and evolution of similar groups in other areas of the world. The anchialine habitats in Lanzarote are subject to intense recreational use and the island itself is a major touristic destination. However, geologist and biologist working in the local government offices, as well as in UNESCO Global Geopark and Biosphere Reserve Institutions have started close collaborations with the touristic centers and independent scientist from several universities and research centers around the world with the goal of implementing novel conservation policies based on the results of state-of-art research. This strategy will ensure not only a better understanding of the anchialine ecosystems in the island in the near future, but also its long-term preservation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahyong ST, Andreakis N, Taylor J (2011) Mitochondrial phylogeny of the deep-sea squat lobsters, Munidopsidae (Galatheoidea). Zool Anz 250:367–377
Álvarez F, Martínez A, Núñez L, Núñez J (2005) Sobre la presencia en Canarias de varias especies de braquiópodos (Brachiopoda: Rhynconellata) en cuevas y cornisas submarinas. Vieraea 33:261–279
Bertelsen RD (1983) Speleobregma lanzaroteum, a new genus and species of Scalibregmatidae (Polychaeta) from a marine cave in the Canary Islands. Proc Biol Soc Wash 99:375–379
Bishop RE, Humphreys WF, Cukrov N, Žic V, Boxshall GA, Cukrov M, Iliffe TM, Kršinić F, Moore WS, Pohlman JW (2015) ‘Anchialine’ redefined as a subterranean estuary in a crevicular or cavernous geological setting. J Crustac Biol 35:511–514
Bowman TE, Garner SP, Hessler RR, Iliffe TM, Sanders HL (1985) Mictacea, new order of Crustacea Peracarida. J Crustac Biol 5:74–78
Bowman TE, Iliffe TM (1986) Halosbaena fortunata, a new thermosbaenacean crustacean from the Jameos del Agua marine lava cave, Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Stygologia 2:84–89
Boxshall GA, Jaume D (1999) On the origin of misophrioid copepods from anchialine caves. Crustaceana 72:957–963
Boxshall GA, Stock JH, Sánchez E (1990) Stygofauna of the Canary Islands, 16. A new of Stephos Scott, 1892 (Copepoda, Calanoida) from an anchialine lava pool on Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Stygologia 5:33–41
Brankovits D, Pohlman JW, Niemann H, Leigh MB, Leewis MC, Becker KW, Iliffe TM, Alvarez F, Lehmann MF, Phillips B (2017) Methane- and dissolved organic carbon-fueled microbial loop supports a tropical subterranean estuary ecosystem. Nat Commun 8(1):1835
Brito MC, Martínez A, Núñez J (2009) Changes in the stygobiont polychaete community of the Jameos del Agua, Lanzarote, as a result of bioturbation by the echiurid Bonellia viridis. Mar Biodivers 39:183–188
Brock RE, Bailey-Brock JH (1998) A unique anchialine pool in the Hawaiian Islands. Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol 83:65–75
Calman WT (1904) On Munidopsis polymorpha Koelbel, a cave dwelling marine crustacean from the Canary Islands. Ann Mag Nat Hist 7(14):213–218
Calman WT (1932) A cave-dwelling Crustacean of the family Mysidæ from the Island of Lanzarote. J Nat Hist 10:127–131
Carracedo JC, Badiola ER (1993) Evolución geológica y magmática de la isla de Lanzarote, Islas Canarias. Rev Acad Can Cienc 5:25–58
Carracedo JC, Jicha B, Guillou H, Rodríguez Badiola E, Meco J, Pérez Torrado FJ, Gimeno D, Socorro S, Láinez A (2003) La erupción y el tubo volcánico del Volcán Corona (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias). Estud Geol 59:277–302
Centro de Datos de Lanzarote (2017) Afluencia a los Centros de Arte, Cultura y Turismo de Lanzarote según centro y mes. Cabildo de Lanzarote
Church J, Gregory JM, Huybrechts P, Kuhn M, Lambeck K, Nhuan M, Qin D, Woodworth P (2001) Changes in sea level. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, Van Der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA (eds) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel. pp 639–694
Coke JG (2012) Underwater caves of the Yucatan peninsula. In: Encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. Elsevier, pp 833–838
Corberá J, Brito MC, Núñez J, Riera R (2001) Catálogo de los cumáceos (Crustacea, Malacostraca) de las islas Canarias. Rev Acad Can Cienc 12:67–73
Cruz T (2002) Esponjas marinas de Canarias: Tomás Cruz Simó. Consejería de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias
Custodio E (1992) Coastal aquifer salinization as a consequence of aridity: the case of Amurga phonolitic massif, Gran Canaria Island. In: Study and modelling of salt water intrusion. CIMNE-UPC, Barcelona, pp 81–98
Danielopol DL, Baltanás Á, Bonaduce G (1996) The darkness syndrome in subsurface-shallow and deep-sea dwelling Ostracoda (Crustacea)
Di Cesare A, Eckert EM, D’Urso S, Bertoni R, Gillan DC, Wattiez R, Corno G (2016) Co-occurrence of integrase 1, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 94:208–214
Dragoni M, Piombo A, Tallarico A (1995) A model for the formation of lava tubes by roofing over a channel. JGR Solid Earth 100:8435–8447
Exley SJ (1983) Lanzarote volcanic cave expedition 1983. Explorers J 118–123
Fage L, Monod T (1936) La faune marine du Jameo de Agua, lac sousterrain d l’ile de Lanzarote (Canaries). Arch Zool Exp Gén 78:97–113
Figueroa DF, Hoefel KL (2008) Description of two new species of Ridgewayia (Copepoda: Calanoida) from anchialine caves in the Galapagos Archipelago. J Crustac Biol 28:137–147
Fosshagen A, Iliffe TM (1985) Two new genera of Calanoida and a new order of Copepoda, Platycopioida, from marine caves in Bermuda. Sarsia 70:345–358
Fosshagen A, Iliffe TM (1991) A new genus of Calanoid Copepod from an anchialine cave in Belize. Bull Plan Soc Japan Spec 339–346
Fosshagen A, Iliffe TM (1998) A new genus of the Ridgewayiidae (Copepoda, Calanoida) from an anchialine cave in the Bahamas. J Mar Syst 15:373–380
García-Herrero Á, Sánchez N, García-Gómez G, Pardos F, Martínez A (2017) Two new stygophilic tanaidomorphs (Peracarida, Tanaidacea) from Canary Islands and southeastern Iberian Peninsula. Mar Biodivers 1–24
Garcia-Valdecasas A (1984) Morlockiidae new family of Remipedia (Crustacea) from Lanzarote (Canary Islands). Eos 60:329–333
García-Valdecasas A (1985) Estudio faunístico de la cueva submarina “Túnel de la Atlántida”, Jameos del Agua, Lanzarote. Nat Hisp 27:1–56
Gili J, Riera T, Zabala M (1986) Physical and biological gradients in a submarine cave on the Western Mediterranean coast (north-east Spain). Mar Biol 90:291–297
Gobert S, Reygel P, Artois T (2017) Schizorhynchia (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela) of Lanzarote (Canary Islands), with the description of eight new species. Mar Biodivers 1–19
Gonzalez BC, Martínez A, Borda E, Iliffe TM, Eibye-Jacobsen D, Worsaae K (2018a) Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia. Cladistics 34:225–259
Gonzalez BC, Worsaae K, Fontaneto D, Martínez A (2018b) Anophthalmia and elongation of body appendages in cave scale worms (Annelida: Aphroditiformia). Zool Scr 47:106–121
Hartmann G (1985) Danielopolina wilkensi n. sp. (Halocyprida: Thaumatocyprididae) ein neuer Ostracode aus einem marinen Lava-Tunnel auf Lanzarote (Kanarische Inseln). Mitt Hamb Zool Mus Inst 82:255–261
Herrera R, Moro L, Martín J, Ocaña O, Bacallado JJ, Ortea J (2016) Primeros registros de invertebrados marinos para las islas Canarias. Rev Acad Can Cienc 28:231–242
Herrera R, Moro L, Aiza O, Núñez J, Camacho C, Martín J, Brito T, Bacallado JJ, Ortea J (2017) Primeros registros de invertebrados marinos para las islas Canarias (II). Rev Acad Can Cienc 29:257–271
Holthuis LB (1963) On red coloured shrimps (Decapoda, Caridea) from tropical land-locked saltwater pools. Zool Meded 38:261–279
Hou Z, Li S (2018) Tethyan changes shaped aquatic diversification. Biol Rev 93:874–896
Huys R (1988) Boxshallia bulbantennulata gen. et spec. nov. (Copepoda: Misophrioida) from an anchialine lava pool in Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Stygologia 4:138–154
Huys R (1996) Superornatiremidae fam. nov. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida): an enigmatic family from North Atlantic anchihaline caves. Sci Mar 60:497–542
Huys R, Iliffe TM (1998) Novocriniidae, a new family of harpacticoid copepods from anchihaline caves in Belize. Zool Scr 27:1–15
Iliffe TM (1990) Crevicular dispersal of marine faunas. Memoires de Biospeleogie 17:93–96
Iliffe TM (1992) Anchialine cave biology. In: Camacho AI (ed) The natural history of biospeleology. Monografías Museo Natural de Ciencias Naturales. CSIC, Madrid
Iliffe TM, Kornicker L (2009) Worldwide diving discoveries of living fossil animals from the depths of anchialine and marine caves. Smiths Contrib Mar Sci 30
Iliffe TM, Jickells TD, Brewer MS (1984a) Organic pollution of an inland marine cave from Bermuda. Mar Env Res 12:173–189
Iliffe TM, Wilkens H, Parzefall J, Williams D (1984b) Marine lava cave fauna: composition, biogeography and origins. Science 225:309–311
Iliffe TM, Parzefall J, Wilkens H (2000) Ecology and species distribution of the Monte Corona lava tunnel on Lanzarote (Canary Islands). In: Wilkens H, Culver DC, Humphreys WF (eds) Subterranean ecosystems. Ecosystems of the world. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Isler O (1987) Expedition internationale 1986 au tunnel de l’Atlantida, Canaries. Spelunca 25
Jantschke H, Nohlen C, Schafheutle M (1994) Tunel de la Atlantida, Haría. Lanzarote. The hydrodynamic, the chemistry and the minerals of the lava tube. The population density of Munidopsis polymorpha. GHS expedition
Jaume D, Boxshall GA (1997) Two new genera of cyclopinid copepods (Cyclopoida: Cyclopinidae) from anchihaline caves of the Canary and Balearic Islands, with a key to genera of the family. Zool J Linn Soc 120:79–101
Jaume D, Cartes JE, Boxshall GA (2000) Shallow-water and not deep-sea as most plausible origin for cave dwelling Paramisophria species (Copepoda: Calanoida: Arietellidae), with description of three new species from Mediterranean bathyal hyperbenthos and littoral caves. Contrib Zool 68
Jaume D, Fosshagen A, Iliffe TM (1999) New cave-dwelling pseudocyclopiids (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pseudocyclopiidae) from the Balearic, Canary, and Philippine archipelagos. Sarsia 84:391–417
Juan C, Guzik MT, Jaume D, Coopers SJB (2010) Evolution in caves: Darwin’s ‘wrecks of ancient life’ in the molecular era. Mol Ecol 19:3865–3880
Kensley B, Williams D (1986) New shrimps (families Procarididae and Atyidae) from a submerged lava tube on Hawaii. J Crustac Biol 6:417–437
Koelbel K (1892) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Crustaceen der Kanarischen Inseln. Inseln. Ann K-Kg 431 Naturhist Hofmuseums Wien 7:105–116
Koenemann S, Schram FR, Iliffe TM, Hinderstein LM, Bloechl A (2007) Behavior of Remipedia in the laboratory, with supporting field observations. J Crustac Biol 27:534–542
Koenemann S, Bloechl A, Martínez A, Iliffe TM, Hoenemann M, Oromí P (2009) A new, disjunct species of Speleonectes (Remipedia, Crustacea) from the Canary Islands. Mar Biodivers 39:215–225
Kornicker L, Sohn, IG (1976) Phylogeny, ontogeny, and morphology of living and fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa, Ostracoda). Smiths Inst Press
Kornicker L, Iliffe TM (1995) Ostracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from an anchialine lava tube in Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Smiths Contrib Zool 568:1–32
Lainez A, Pérez-Rijo F (1999) El inicio del vulcanoespeleobuceo federado en las Islas Canarias. Vulcania 3:42–47
Luengo AC (1994) El jardín de la sal. Ecotopía Ediciones Tenydea, SL, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Luque A, Medina L (1997) The restoration of the “charca Verde de El Golfo” in the Lanzarote lsland (Canary lslands) biosphere reserve by UNESCO. Presented at the BORDONER 97, Bourdeaux, France, pp 213–218
Machín AH, Pérez-Torrado F (2005) The island and its territory: vulcanism in Lanzarote. A field trip guide. Presented at the sixth international conference on geomorphology, Zaragoza, p 38
Macpherson E, Segonzac M (2005) Species of the genus Munidopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the deep Atlantic Ocean, including cold-seep and hydrothermal vent areas. Zootaxa 1095:3–60
Martínez A, Gonzalez BC (2018) Research in anchialine caves: anchialine lava environments in Lanzarote as case of study. In: Moldovan OT, Kovac L, Halse S (eds) Cave ecology. Springer Verlag
Martínez A, Núñez L, Monterroso O, Núñez J (2004) Tanatocenosis de los moluscos gasterópodos en sedimentos de una cueva submarina de la costa oeste de Tenerife (Islas Canarias). Rev Acad Can Cienc 16:161–171
Martínez A, Palmero AM, Brito MC, Núñez J, Worsaae K (2009) Anchialine fauna of the Corona lava tube (Lanzarote, Canary Islands): diversity, endemism and distribution. Mar Biodivers 39:169–187
Martínez A, Di Domenico M, Worsaae K (2013) Evolution of cave Axiokebuita and Speleobregma (Scalibregmatidae, Annelida). Zool Scr 623–636
Martínez A, Gonzalez BC, Núñez J, Wilkens H, Oromí P, Iliffe TM, Worsaae K (2016) Guide to the anchialine ecosystems of Jameos del Agua and Túnel de la Atlántida. Medio Ambiente, Cabildo de Lanzarote, Arrecife, Lanzarote
Martínez A, Kvindebjerg K, Iliffe TM, Worsaae K (2017) Evolution of cave suspension feeding in Protodrilidae (Annelida). Zool Scr 46:214–226
Molinero F (1988) Expedición: Retorno a la Prehistoria (Túnel de la Atlántida, Lanzarote). Revista GEO 14
Núñez J, Brito MC (2008a) Estudio de poblaciones de especies amenazadas (2008) Munidopsis polymorpha Koelbel, 1892. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial (Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente)
Núñez J, Brito MC (2008b) Estudio de poblaciones de especies amenazadas (2008). Speleonectes ondinae (García-Valdecasas, 1984). SEGA. Gesplan, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Núñez J, Ocaña O, Brito MC (1997) Two new species (Polychaeta: Fauveliopsidae and Nerillidae) and other polychaetes from the marine lagoon cave of Jameos del Agua, Lanzarote (Canary Islands). Bull Mar Sci 60:252–260
Núñez J, Martínez A, Brito MC (2009) A new species of Sphaerosyllis Claparède, 1863 (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Exogoninae) from the Atlantida Tunnel, Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Mar Biodivers 39:209–214
Ohtsuka S, Fosshagen A, Iliffe TM (1993) Two new species of Paramisophria (Copepoda, Calanoida, Arietellidae) from anchialine ca yes on the Canary and Galápagos Islands. Sarsia 78:57–67
Oromí P, Martín JL (1990) Recorrido histórico y perspectiva actual de la espeleología en Canarias. Actas Facultad Ciencias la Universidad de La Laguna, Tomo Homenaje T. Bravo
Parapar J, Gambi MC, Rouse GW (2011) A revision of the deep-sea genus Axiokebuita Pocklington and Fournier, 1987 (Annelida: Scalibregmatidae). Ital J Zool 78:148–162
Parzefall J, Wilkens H (1975) Zur Ethologie augenreduzierter Tiere. Untersuchungen an Munidopsis polymorpha Koelbel (Anomura, Galatheidae). Ann Speleol 30:325–335
Pettibone M (1985) Polychaete worms from a cave in the Bahamas and from experimental wood panels in deep water of the North Atlantic (Polynoidae, Macellicephalinae, Harmothoinae). Proc Biol Soc 98:127–149
Pettibone MH (1989) New species of scale-worms (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift-area of the Mariana Back-arc Basin in the Western Central Pacific. Proc Biol Soc Wash 102:137–153
Pezzi MG (2013) We don’t need to copy anyone: César Manrique and the creation of a development model for Lanzarote. Urbanities 3:19–32
Pohlman JW (2011) The biogeochemistry of anchialine caves: progress and possibilities. Hydrobiologia 677:33–51
Riera R, Núñez J, Brito MC (2007) A new species of the interstitial genus Neopetitia (Polychaeta, Syllidae, Eusyllinae) from Tenerife, with modified acicular chaetae in males. Helgol Mar Res 61:221
Riera R, Monterroso Ó, Núñez J, Martínez A (2018) Distribution of meiofaunal abundances in a marine cave complex with secondary openings and freshwater filtrations. Mar Biodivers 48:203–215
Rondé-Broekhuizen BLM, Stock JH (1987) Stygofauna of the Canary Islands, 4. Liagoceradocus acutus Andres, 1978. A blind anchihaline amphipod from Lanzarote: redescription, taxonomic status and occurrence. Bull Zoologisch Mus Univ Amsterd 11:25–37
Sánchez EL (1991) Stygofauna from the Canary Islands, 22. Bogidiella (Stygodiella) atlantica n. sp. (Amphipoda) from interstitial waters on the Western Canary Islands. Crustaceana 61:113–124
Sangil C (2007) Distribución de la fauna marina en la cueva del Infierno. Vulcania 8:70–78
Simkin T (1984) Geology of Galapagos Islands
Sket B, Iliffe TM (1980) Cave fauna of Bermuda. Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol 65:871–882
Sterrer W, Iliffe TM (1982) Mesonerilla prospera, a new archiannelid from marine caves in Bermuda. Proc Biol Soc Wash 95:509–514
Stock JH (1993) Some remarkable distribution patterns in stygobiont Amphipoda. J Nat Hist 27:807–819
von Harms W (1921) Das rudimentäre Sehorgan eines Höhlendecapoden Munidopsis polymorpha Koelbel aus der Cueva de los Verdes auf der Insel Lanzarote. Zool Anz 52:101–115
von Reumont BM, Undheum EAB, Robin-Tobias J, Jenner RA (2017) Venomics of remipede crustaceans reveals novel peptide diversity and illuminates the venom’s biological role. Toxins 9:234
Wägele JW (1985) On the Tethyan origin of the stygobiont Anthuridea Curassanthura and Cyathura (Stygocyathura), with description of Curassanthura canariensis n. sp. from Lanzarote (Crustacea, Isopoda). Stygologia 1:258–269
Wicks C, Humphreys WF (2011) Preface to anchialine ecosystems: reflections and prospects. Hydrobiologia 677:1–2
Wilkens H (1970) Beiträge zur degeneration des Auges bei Cavernicolen, Genzahl und Manifestationsart. J Zool Syst Evol Res 8:1–47
Wilkens H, Parzefall J (1974) Die Oekologie der Jameos del Agua (Lanzarote) zur Entwicklung Limnischer Hoehlentiere aus Marinen vorfahren. Ann Speleol 29:419–434
Wilkens H, Parzefall J, Iliffe TM (1986) Origin and age of the marine stygofauna of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Mitt Hamb Zool Mus Inst 83:223–230
Wilkens H, Parzefall J, Ribowski A (1990) Population biology and larvae of the anchialine crab Munidopsis polymorpha (Galatheidae) from Lanzarote (Canary Islands). J Crustac Biol 10:667–675
Wilkens H, Parzefall J, Ocaña Ó, Medina AL (1993) La fauna de unos biotopos anquialinos en Lanzarote (I. Canarias). Mem Biospeleol 10:283–285
Wilkens H, Iliffe TM, Oromí P, Martínez A, Tysall TN, Koenemann S (2009) The Corona lava tube, Lanzarote: geology, habitat diversity and biogeography. Mar Biodivers 39:155–167
Worsaae K, Martínez A, Núñez J (2009) Nerillidae (Annelida) from the Corona lava tube, Lanzarote with description of Meganerilla cesari n. sp. Mar Biodivers 39:195–207
Worsaae K, Gonzalez BC, Kerbl A, Holdfold S, Jørgensen JT, Armenteros M, Iliffe TM, Martínez A (in press) Description and evolution of the stygobitic Speleonerilla nom. nov. (Nerillidae, Annelida) with description of three new species from anchialine caves in the Caribbean and Lanzarote. Mar Biodivers
Yager J (1981) Remipedia, a new class of Crustacea from a marine cave in the Bahamas. J Crustac Biol 1:328–333
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martínez, A. et al. (2019). Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands: An Anchialine UNESCO Global Geopark. In: Mateo, E., Martínez-Frías, J., Vegas, J. (eds) Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands Geopark: From Earth to Space. Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13130-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13130-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13129-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13130-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)