Introduction

Johansson, Andreas

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12789-3_1

Andreas Johansson²

120 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter introduces the main purpose of this book. It also gives the historical background of the Muslim community in Sri Lanka. It explains the diversity within the Tamil community in Sri Lanka and how Muslims started to identify themselves as Moors. This chapter also gives an introduction to pre-colonial times and colonial times in Sri Lanka. From the perspective of the Muslim community in Sri Lanka, this chapter also gives the reader an introduction to the civil war and post-war conflicts involving the Sri Lankan community. This chapter also has an introduction to the political party that this book analyzes, namely, the Sri Lankan Muslim Congress. In this chapter the reader will also get an introduction to some or the theoretical points of departure in this book. The chapter ends by discussing the source material upon which this study is based as well as how it is analyzed. The three types of sources are: interviews, parliamentary speeches, and official documents from the SLMC. They will be analyzed separately in the following chapters and will then be compared in the final chapter. The different forms of source material not only give a widespread empirical base but also correspond to the overall aim and questions posed by me in this book.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 79.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 99.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Rauff Hakeem, 2013-02-24.
2.
For some examples, see Wickramasinghe <CitationRef CitationID="CR110" >2006</Citation Ref>, Warnapala <CitationRef CitationID="CR108" >2001</Citation Ref>, and Meyer <CitationRef CitationID="CR83" >2001</Citation Ref>.
3.
For example, see Abdullah <CitationRef CitationID="CR1" >2004</Citation Ref>, Ali <CitationRef CitationID="CR06" >2004</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR6" >2014</Citation Ref>, Brune <CitationRef CitationID="CR19" >2003</Citation Ref>, De Munk <CitationRef CitationID="CR23" >2005a</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR24" >b</Citation Ref>, Gaasbeek <CitationRef CitationID="CR33" >2010</Citation Ref>, Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR40" >2013</Citation Ref>, Imtiyaz, <CitationRef CitationID="CR50" >2005</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR51" >2009</Citation Ref>, Imtiyaz and Iqbal <CitationRef CitationID="CR52" >2011</Citation Ref>, Mahroof <CitationRef CitationID="CR66" >1990</Citation Ref>, McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR69" >1974</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR70" >1991</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR71" >1998</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR72" >2001</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR73" >2004</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR76" >2011b</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR78" >2014</Citation Ref>, Mohan <CitationRef CitationID="CR86" >1987</Citation Ref>, Shukri <CitationRef CitationID="CR98" >1986</Citation Ref>, Walker <CitationRef CitationID="CR106" >2013</Citation Ref>, Zackariya and Shanmugaratnam <CitationRef CitationID="CR113" >2003</Citation Ref>, and Klem <CitationRef CitationID="CR61" >2011</Citation Ref>.
4.
For examples, see Alif <CitationRef CitationID="CR7" >2012</Citation Ref>, Gosh <CitationRef CitationID="CR37" >2003</Citation Ref>: 237–242, and De Silva <CitationRef CitationID="CR27" >1998</Citation Ref>: 251–271.
5.
The fieldwork upon which this book is based was concluded in 2013, and the political narrative concludes with the election of 2012.
6.
See McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR79" >2015</Citation Ref>. Christians can also be counted among the Sinhalese and Tamil populations (7.4%). There are also other minorities in the country, such as the Vedda people and burghers, who are self-identifying communities. See McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR74" >2008</Citation Ref>: 47–49, 174–175, 181–182. For a detailed table of the Muslim population in each province, see Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 29. Muslims are traditionally seen as traders, although most Muslims work in the service industry or in agriculture. In the east, Muslims are farmers and fishermen and own 50% of the paddy land in the Trincomalee and Batticaloa districts. For more information about the legislative council, see Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 62f, and for a detailed table of information regarding current Muslim employment, see Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 53.
7.
Shukri <CitationRef CitationID="CR98" >1986</Citation Ref>: 337 and McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 4.
8.
For more detailed information about Arab/Persian history in Sri Lanka, see Dewaraja <CitationRef CitationID="CR31" >1994</Citation Ref>.
9.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 5.
10.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 4.
11.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 6.
12.
De Silva, C.R. <CitationRef CitationID="CR25" >1986</Citation Ref>: 159.
13.
De Silva, C.R. <CitationRef CitationID="CR25" >1986</Citation Ref>: 160.
14.
See Mahroof <CitationRef CitationID="CR66" >1990</Citation Ref>.
15.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 9.
16.
Spencer <CitationRef CitationID="CR101" >2014</Citation Ref>: 4.
17.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 9.
18.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 57. Like the Muslims, the Tamil community has also been constructed throughout history. For a discussion on how the Tamil identity was constructed and how it included Muslims, see O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 150f. A detailed discussion of the cultural and linguistic affinities of the Sri Lankan Muslims can be found in McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR71" >1998</Citation Ref> and McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR80" >2016</Citation Ref>.
19.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 10.
20.
Nuhman <CitationRef CitationID="CR90" >2002</Citation Ref>: 33.
21.
Goonewardena <CitationRef CitationID="CR36" >1986</Citation Ref>: 225.
22.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 6. It is possible that the Malay culture has a longer history in Sri Lanka; for an introduction to the Malay language and history in Sri Lanka, see Mahroof <CitationRef CitationID="CR67" >1992</Citation Ref>. For an “insider’s” narrative of being Malay in Sri Lanka, see Saldin <CitationRef CitationID="CR95" >2003</Citation Ref>.
23.
Ali <CitationRef CitationID="CR3" >1986</Citation Ref>: 236.
24.
There is also the practice of the Hanafi School in Sri Lanka. For an introduction to the different Sunni schools of law, see Hallaq: <CitationRef CitationID="CR38" >1997</Citation Ref>.
25.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 50.
26.
Arabic Tamil is not recognized by the state. See Ahmad <CitationRef CitationID="CR2" >2012</Citation Ref>: 276.
27.
Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR53" >1995</Citation Ref>: 75. The focus on Arab merchants is still current. For an example, see Hussein <CitationRef CitationID="CR48" >2011</Citation Ref>.
28.
Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR53" >1995</Citation Ref>: 65.
29.
Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 61.
30.
Uyangoda <CitationRef CitationID="CR105" >2001</Citation Ref>: 120.
31.
Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR40" >2013</Citation Ref>: 175.
32.
Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR53" >1995</Citation Ref>: 74.
33.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 9.
34.
Wimalratne <CitationRef CitationID="CR112" >1986</Citation Ref>: 428.
35.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 53.
36.
Ahmad <CitationRef CitationID="CR2" >2012</Citation Ref>: 277.
37.
Ahmad <CitationRef CitationID="CR2" >2012</Citation Ref>: 277.
38.
Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR53" >1995</Citation Ref>: 73.
39.
Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR53" >1995</Citation Ref>: 86.
40.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 60.
41.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 60.
42.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 62 and Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR53" >1995</Citation Ref>: 87.
43.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR26" >1986</Citation Ref>: 457.
44.
Bohras, Memons, and Afghans came to the island at the end of the nineteenth century. Afghans are considered to be fully integrated through intermarriage. For more details, see O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>.
45.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 12.
46.
For an overview of the demographic changes of the Muslim population (1881–1981), see Marga Institute <CitationRef CitationID="CR68" >1988</Citation Ref>.
47.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 7. For a detailed overview of the history of Muslims in Tamil Nadu, see More <CitationRef CitationID="CR87" >2004</Citation Ref>.
48.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 7.
49.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 609.
50.
Spencer <CitationRef CitationID="CR100" >2012</Citation Ref>: 727.
51.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 627.
52.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 628.
53.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 629.
54.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 673.
55.
Tamils are of course not a homogenous group; there are differences in caste, nation (Sri Lankan, Indian), religion (Christian, Hindu), region (east, north), politics, and class; see Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 23. For more details about Muslims’ interactions with the Tamils, see McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR74" >2008</Citation Ref>.
56.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 628.
57.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 674.
58.
Spencer <CitationRef CitationID="CR100" >2012</Citation Ref>: 727.
59.
It was formerly known as the Tamil United Front (formed in 1972) but later changed its name to the TULF (in 1976) to emphasize a more radical role. See Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 108.
60.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 681f.
61.
Schalk <CitationRef CitationID="CR97" >1997</Citation Ref>: 80. For more examples, see Natali <CitationRef CitationID="CR89" >2008</Citation Ref>.
62.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 210.See also O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR92" >1999b</Citation Ref>.
63.
Wickramasinghe <CitationRef CitationID="CR110" >2006</Citation Ref>: 284.
64.
There might have been as many as 37 different militant Tamil groups at this point. See Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 126.
65.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 127.
66.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 128.
67.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 128.
68.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 129.
69.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 123.
70.
Arena <CitationRef CitationID="CR11" >2006</Citation Ref>: 177.
71.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 113.
72.
For further reading on the JVP, see Kapferer <CitationRef CitationID="CR59" >2001</Citation Ref>.
73.
Wickramasinghe <CitationRef CitationID="CR110" >2006</Citation Ref>: 244.
74.
Wickramasinghe <CitationRef CitationID="CR110" >2006</Citation Ref>: 244.
75.
Wickramasinghe <CitationRef CitationID="CR110" >2006</Citation Ref>: 234.
76.
De Silva K.M. <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 701.
77.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 137f.
78.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 147.
79.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 148. The Indian intervention that began in 1987 and ended in 1990 led not only to former president Jayewardene’s downfall but later also to India’s prime minister Rajiv Gandhi being assassinated by the LTTE through a suicide bombing in 1991. Before that, he had lost his post as prime minister, and his successor, V. P. Singh, ordered the withdrawal of the IPKF. In the political power vacuum, Muslims found themselves in a vulnerable position.
80.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 151.
81.
Wilson <CitationRef CitationID="CR111" >2000</Citation Ref>: 153–4.
82.
De Silva <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 697–8.
83.
De Silva <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 698–9.
84.
De Silva <CitationRef CitationID="CR28" >2005</Citation Ref>: 701.
85.
Brune <CitationRef CitationID="CR19" >2003</Citation Ref>: 119. See also Thiranagama <CitationRef CitationID="CR104" >2011</Citation Ref>, especially chapters 3 and 4, which deal with the conditions of the Muslim refugees. For a more recent study on how Muslim women struggle in these camps, see Zackariya and Shanmugaratnam <CitationRef CitationID="CR113" >2003</Citation Ref>.
86.
Brune <CitationRef CitationID="CR18" >2000</Citation Ref>: 2.
87.
Brune <CitationRef CitationID="CR19" >2003</Citation Ref>: 120.
88.
Lewer and Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR64" >2011</Citation Ref>: 124.
89.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 20.
90.
SLMC: “Our History”, retrieved, 2013-04-02.
91.
Another term that was used for Muslims in the Sri Lankan census in the 1970s was Lanka Yonka; see McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR71" >1998</Citation Ref>.
92.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 11. Another factor that is sometimes used to explain the strengthening of the Muslim identity in the 1970s is that many Sri Lankan citizens got the opportunity to work in the Middle East, primarily the Arabian Peninsula. This resulted in an increasing number of educated Muslims and their economic status rose. See O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 256 and Zackariya, and Shanmugaratnam <CitationRef CitationID="CR113" >2003</Citation Ref>.
93.
See Nuhman <CitationRef CitationID="CR90" >2002</Citation Ref>. McGilvray (<CitationRef CitationID="CR71" >1998</Citation Ref>) argues that this conflict started much earlier, that is, well before Ceylonese independence in 1948. It was reflected in the rivalry between the Ceylon Moors Association and the Ceylon Muslim League. (See McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR71" >1998</Citation Ref>: 452.)
94.
Ali <CitationRef CitationID="CR4" >2001</Citation Ref>: 7.
95.
Mahroof <CitationRef CitationID="CR66" >1990</Citation Ref>: 27–28.
96.
Da’wa movements are not exclusively found on the Indian subcontinent; the phenomenon is worldwide. For other examples on how these movements have had an impact on the Asian context, see Mutalib <CitationRef CitationID="CR88" >1990</Citation Ref> and Knoerzer <CitationRef CitationID="CR63" >1998</Citation Ref>: 154.
97.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 104–7.
98.
Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR57" >2013</Citation Ref>: 39.
99.
In Sri Lanka it is common to equate Sufism with saint-worshipping and Hindu culture. See Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR57" >2013</Citation Ref>: 39. The term “reformists” is sometimes used to describe movements or individuals that propagate an Islamic revival. For a discussion on the term “reformist” in South Asia, see Osella and Osella <CitationRef CitationID="CR93" >2013</Citation Ref>: xii. For a discussion on the term “salafist”, see Meijer <CitationRef CitationID="CR82" >2009</Citation Ref>.
100.
McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR71" >1998</Citation Ref>: 443. See also McGilvray, <CitationRef CitationID="CR73" >2004</Citation Ref>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR75" >2011a</Citation Ref> and <CitationRef CitationID="CR77" >2013</Citation Ref>.
101.
See McGilvray <CitationRef CitationID="CR69" >1974</Citation Ref>.
102.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 164.
103.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 211.
104.
Ismail et al. <CitationRef CitationID="CR54" >2004</Citation Ref>: 163.
105.
For a general example, see McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 20.
106.
O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 224.
107.
McGilvray and Raheem <CitationRef CitationID="CR81" >2007</Citation Ref>: 21 and O’Sullivan <CitationRef CitationID="CR91" >1999a</Citation Ref>: 221.
108.
See Goodhand and Walton <CitationRef CitationID="CR34" >2009</Citation Ref>, Höglund and Svensson <CitationRef CitationID="CR49" >2009</Citation Ref>.
109.
J.P. Pathirana quoted in Bartholomeusz <CitationRef CitationID="CR15" >2002</Citation Ref>: 84.
110.
Bartholomeusz <CitationRef CitationID="CR15" >2002</Citation Ref>: 167.
111.
Helbardt et al. <CitationRef CitationID="CR43" >2013</Citation Ref>: 44.
112.
Goodhand et al. <CitationRef CitationID="CR35" >2009</Citation Ref>: 686.
113.
Imtiyaz <CitationRef CitationID="CR50" >2005</Citation Ref>: 15.
114.
For further reading on the discussion about Muslim politicians and the effects of the tsunami, see Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR39" >2005</Citation Ref> and Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR42" >2009</Citation Ref>.
115.
See Amarasingam and Bass <CitationRef CitationID="CR8" >2015</Citation Ref>.
116.
For one example, see Klem <CitationRef CitationID="CR62" >2014</Citation Ref>.
117.
See Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR56" >2015</Citation Ref>, Holt <CitationRef CitationID="CR58" >2016</Citation Ref>, and Samaratunge and Hattotuwa <CitationRef CitationID="CR96" >2014</Citation Ref>.
118.
Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR57" >2013</Citation Ref>: 34.
119.
Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR57" >2013</Citation Ref>: 34.
120.
For an historical overview of Kattankudy religious diversity, see Ali <CitationRef CitationID="CR5" >2009</Citation Ref> and Spencer et al. <CitationRef CitationID="CR102" >2014</Citation Ref>.
121.
Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR57" >2013</Citation Ref>: 38.
122.
Hasbullah and Korf <CitationRef CitationID="CR57" >2013</Citation Ref>: 38.
123.
Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR55" >2012</Citation Ref>: 58.
124.
For an article about Al Muslimaat, see Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR40" >2013</Citation Ref>.
125.
Spencer <CitationRef CitationID="CR100" >2012</Citation Ref>: 728.
126.
Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 234.
127.
SLMC “Our History”, retrieved 2014-12-03.
128.
Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR40" >2013</Citation Ref>: 174.
129.
See Centered Political Parties Parliamentary General Election – <CitationRef CitationID="CR22" >1989</Citation Ref>, retrieved 2012-10-29. Members of parliament are elected by a proportional representation system. Votes are thus counted in proportion to the numbers received in each district, in total 196 seats. The remaining 29 seats are determined by how many votes a party received in proportion to the results from the entire country. For further information, see the Department of Election, retrieved 2012-10-29. To see the performance of the SLMC in the elections that took place between 1989 and 2000, see Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 155.
130.
Centered Political Parties Parliamentary General Election – <CitationRef CitationID="CR22" >1989</Citation Ref>, retrieved 2012-10-29. In Ampara, Batticaloa, and Vani, the SLMC got one parliamentary seat each. The other seat came from the national list.
131.
Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 176, 247.
132.
Lewer and Ismail <CitationRef CitationID="CR64" >2011</Citation Ref>: 125.
133.
Ameerdeen <CitationRef CitationID="CR9" >2006</Citation Ref>: 176.
134.
Haniffa <CitationRef CitationID="CR40" >2013</Citation Ref>: 174.
135.
Besides the SLFP and the UPFA, in 2004 there was a coalition of the communist parties of Sri Lanka, the Desha Vimukthi Janatha Party, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, the National Unity Alliance, and the Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya.
136.
After 2010 the alliance consisted of the following parties: All Ceylon Muslim Congress, Ceylon Workers’ Congress, Communist Party of Sri Lanka, Eelam People’s Democratic Party, Jathika Hela Urumaya, Lanka Sama Samaja Party, Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, National Congress, National Freedom Front, Sri Lanka Freedom Party, and Up-Country People’s Front. The JVP had left the coalition and was running independently.
137.
Helbardt et al. <CitationRef CitationID="CR43" >2013</Citation Ref>: 45.
138.
Weerarathne <CitationRef CitationID="CR109" >2013</Citation Ref>.
139.
See Lincoln <CitationRef CitationID="CR65" >2003</Citation Ref>: 62f on why state should be separated from nation and ethnicity in an analysis.
140.
Wallerstein <CitationRef CitationID="CR107" >2002</Citation Ref>: 107.
141.
Balibar and Wallerstein <CitationRef CitationID="CR13" >2002</Citation Ref>.
142.
Balibar <CitationRef CitationID="CR12" >2002</Citation Ref>: 118.
143.
Balibar <CitationRef CitationID="CR12" >2002</Citation Ref>: 119–20.
144.
Balibar <CitationRef CitationID="CR12" >2002</Citation Ref>: 127.
145.
Balibar refers to Althusser to explain his ideas, Balibar <CitationRef CitationID="CR12" >2002</Citation Ref>: 128.
146.
Balibar <CitationRef CitationID="CR12" >2002</Citation Ref>: 129.
147.
For an overview on the concept of nationalism, see Özkirimli 2010 and Delanty and Kumar <CitationRef CitationID="CR29" >2006</Citation Ref>.
148.
Anderson <CitationRef CitationID="CR10" >2006</Citation Ref> (1983): 6.
149.
Anderson <CitationRef CitationID="CR10" >2006</Citation Ref> (1983): 163f.
150.
In the official census, the Malays are also identified as a separate group, and probably all of them identify themselves as Muslims.
151.
Census of Population and Housing <CitationRef CitationID="CR21" >2012</Citation Ref>.
152.
See Barth <CitationRef CitationID="CR14" >1969</Citation Ref>.
153.
For a discussion on Islam as an ethnic marker, see Hjärpe <CitationRef CitationID="CR45" >1987</Citation Ref>.
154.
Mitchell <CitationRef CitationID="CR84" >2005</Citation Ref>: 3.
155.
Mitchell <CitationRef CitationID="CR84" >2005</Citation Ref>: 18; see also Mitchell <CitationRef CitationID="CR85" >2006</Citation Ref> and Brass <CitationRef CitationID="CR17" >1991</Citation Ref>: 18. He defines ethnic markers as “cultural markers”.
156.
Svensson <CitationRef CitationID="CR103" >2000</Citation Ref>: 17.
157.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 18.
158.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 4.
159.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 21.
160.
BBC <CitationRef CitationID="CR16" >2004</Citation Ref>, retrieved 2013-10-03.
161.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 4.
162.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 28.
163.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 4.
164.
Hjärpe defines political Islam as: “Islam perceived as a social, political, and economic system, an ideology, and Islamic politics is when policies are motivated by Islam and Islamic solidarity”. See Hjärpe <CitationRef CitationID="CR44" >1983</Citation Ref>. See also Kepel <CitationRef CitationID="CR60" >2002</Citation Ref>, Roy <CitationRef CitationID="CR94" >2004</Citation Ref>, and Hjärpe <CitationRef CitationID="CR47" >2010</Citation Ref>.
165.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 29. For a similar discussion, see Hjärpe <CitationRef CitationID="CR46" >1997</Citation Ref>.
166.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 38.
167.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 42.
168.
Eickelman and Piscatori <CitationRef CitationID="CR32" >2004</Citation Ref>: 42–4.
169.
For a discussion regarding the advantages of using different kinds of material, see Burgess <CitationRef CitationID="CR20" >1984</Citation Ref>: 143f.
170.
Hansard Department, retrieved 2015-07-30.
171.
See References for further details on official documents and online sources.
172.
Two of the posters were in Arabic, and these were translated by Nilam Hameed, who also speaks Arabic.

References

Abdullah, Rameez. 2004. Ethnic Harmony in Eastern Sri Lanka. In Dealing with Diversity, ed. Freks George and Bart Klem. Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Google Scholar
Ahmad, Zarin. 2012. Contours of Muslim Nationalism in Sri Lanka. South Asian History and Culture 3 (2): 269–287.
Article Google Scholar
Ali, Ameer. 1986. Muslim Participation in the Export Sector of Sri Lanka 1800–1915. In Muslims of Sri Lanka, ed. A.M. Muhammed Shukri. Colombo: Aitken Spence Printing.
Google Scholar
———. 2001. Plural Identities and Political Choices of the Muslim Community. Colombo: Marga Institute.
Google Scholar
———. 2004. The Muslims of Sri Lanka: An Ethnic Minority Trapped in a Political Quagmire. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5 (3): 372–383.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2009. Kattankudy in Eastern Sri Lanka: A Mullah-Merchant Urban Complex Caught Between Islamist Factionalism and Ethno-Nationalisms. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 29 (2): 183–194.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2014. Muslims in Harmony and Conflict in Plural Sri Lanka: A Historical Summary from a Religio-economic and Political Perspective. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 34 (3): 227–242.
Article Google Scholar
Alif, S.M.. 2012. Muslim Politics of Sri Lanka and Roles of Lanka Muslim Congress. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies.
Google Scholar
Amarasingam, Amarnath, and Daniel Bass. 2015. Introduction. In Sri Lanka: The Struggle for Peace in the Aftermath of War, ed. Amarnath Amarasingam and Daniel Bass. London: Hurst.
Google Scholar
Ameerdeen, Vellaithamby. 2006. Ethnic Politics of Muslims in Sri Lanka. Kandy: Center for Minority Studies, Kribs Printers.
Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities. London: Verso. First Edition 1983.
Google Scholar
Arena, Michael P. 2006. Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat. New York: New York University Press.
Google Scholar
Balibar, Étienne. 2002. Nationsformen: Historia Och Ideology. In Ras, Nation, Klass, ed. Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein. Uddevalla: Bokförlaget Daidalos AB.
Google Scholar
Balibar, Étinne, and Immanuel Wallerstein. 2002. Ras, Nation, Klass. Uddevalla: Bokförlaget Daidalos AB.
Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Oslo/Bergen/Tromsø: Universitetsforlaget.
Google Scholar
Bartholomeusz, Tessa J. 2002. In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka. London: Routledge Curzon.
Google Scholar
BBC. 2004. Muslim girl shaves head over ban. BBC News Europe. Retrieved October 3, 2013 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3708444.stm.
Brass, P.R. 1991. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. New Delhi: Sage.
Google Scholar
Brune, Cathrine. 2000. Spatial Practices of Integration and Segregation Among Internally Displace Persons and Their Hosts in Sri Lanka. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 54 (3): 96–101.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2003. Finding a Place. Trondheim: Department of Geographic Faculty of Social Science and Technology Management.
Google Scholar
Burgess, Robert G. 1984. In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: George Allan & Unwin (publishers) Ltd.
Google Scholar
Census of Population and Housing 2012. n.d. Retrieved March 3, 2015, from http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2012Visualization/htdocs/index.php?usecase=indicator&action=Map&indId=10.
Centered Political Parties Parliamentary General Election – 1989. Retrieved October 29, 2012, from http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results 1989%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF.
De Munk, Victor C. 2005a. Sakhina: A Study of Female Masculinity in Sri Lankan Muslim Community. South Asia Research 25 (2): 141–163.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2005b. Islamic Orthodoxy and Sufism in Sri Lanka. Anthropos, Bd 100 (H. 2): 401–414.
Google Scholar
De Silva, C.R. 1986. Muslim Traders in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century and the Portuguese Impacts. In Muslims of Sri Lanka, ed. Shukri Muhammad. A.M. Colombo: Aitken Spence Printing.
Google Scholar
De Silva Kingsley, M. 1986. Muslim Leaders and The Nationalist Movement. In Muslims of Sri Lanka, ed. Shukri Muhammad. A.M. Colombo: Aitken Spence Printing.
Google Scholar
———. 1998. Reaping the Whirlwind. New Delhi: Penguin Books India.
Google Scholar
———. 2005. A History of Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Penguin Books India.
Google Scholar
Delanty, G., and K. Kumar. 2006. The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Department of Election Retrieved October 29, 2012, from http://www.slelections.gov.lk/ep.html.
Dewaraja, Lorna. 1994. The Muslims of Sri Lanka: One Thousand Years of Ethnic Harmony 900–1915. Colombo: The Lanka Islamic foundation.
Google Scholar
Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori. 2004. Muslim Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. First edition 1996.
Google Scholar
Gaasbeek, Timmo. 2010. Bridging Troubled Waters: Everyday inter-ethnic interaction in a context of violent conflict in Kottiyar Pattu, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen University.
Google Scholar
Goodhand, Jonathan, and Oliver Walton. 2009. The Limits of Liberal Peacebuilding? International Engagement in the Sri Lankan Peace Process. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 3 (3): 303–323.
Article Google Scholar
Goodhand, Jonathan, Bart Klem, and Benedikt Korf. 2009. Religion, Conflict and Boundary Politics in Sri Lanka. European Journal of Development Research 21: 679–698.
Article Google Scholar
Goonewardena, K.W. 1986. Muslims Under Dutch Rule up to the Mid-Eighteenth century. In Muslims of Sri Lanka, ed. Shukri Muhammad. Colombo: A.M. Aitken Spence Printing.
Google Scholar
Gosh, Partha S. 2003. Ethnicity versus Nationalism – The Devolution Discourse in Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Sage Publications India.
Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. 1997. A History of Islamic Legal Theories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Book Google Scholar
Haniffa, Fara. 2005. P-Toms and Muslim Politics. Polity 2 (5 & 6): 12–14.
Google Scholar
Haniffa, Farzana. 2013. Piety as Politics Amongst Muslim Women in Contemporary Sri Lanka. In Islamic Reform in South Asia, ed. C. Osella and F. Osella. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Hansard Department. Retrieved July 30, 2015, from http://www.parliament.lk/en/component/organisation/dept/departments?depart=4&id=4&Itemid=107.
Hasbullah, Shahul, and Benedikt Korf. 2009. Muslim Geographies and the Politics of Purification in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Tsunami. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30: 248–264.
Article Google Scholar
Helbardt, Sofia, Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam, and Rüdiger Korf. 2013. Religionisation of Politics in Sri Lanka, Thailand and Myanmar. Politics, Religion & Ideology 14 (1): 36–58.
Article Google Scholar
Hjärpe, Jan. 1983. Politisk Islam. Malmö: Gleerups Förlag.
Google Scholar
———. 1987. Islams värld. Stockholm: Brevskolan.
Google Scholar
———. 1997. What Will be Chosen from the Basket? European Review 5 (3): 267–274.
Google Scholar
———. 2010. Islamismer. Malmö: Gleerups Utbildning AB.
Google Scholar
Hussein, Asiff. 2011. Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka. Pannipitya: Neptune Publications.
Google Scholar
Höglund, Kristine, and Isak Svensson. 2009. Mediating Between Tigers and Lions: Norwegian Peace Diplomacy in Sri Lanka’s Civil War. Contemporary South Asia 17 (2): 175–191.
Article Google Scholar
Imtiyaz, A.R.M. 2005. Violent Muslim Mobilization in Sri Lanka: Some Questions. Polity 2 (5 & 6): 14–16.
Google Scholar
———. 2009. The Eastern Muslims of Sri Lanka: Special Problems and Solutions. Journal of Asian and African Studies 44 (4): 407–427.
Article Google Scholar
Imtiyaz, A.R.M., and M.C.M. Iqbal. 2011. The Displaced Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka: Special Problems and the Future. Journal of Asian and African Studies 46 (4): 375–389.
Article Google Scholar
Ismail, Qadri. 1995. Unmooring Identity: The Antinomies of Elite Muslim Self-Representation in Modern Sri Lanka. In Unmaking the Nation: The Politics of Identity and History in Modern Sri Lanka, ed. Pradeep Jeganathan and Qadri Ismail. Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.
Google Scholar
Ismail, Mohamed, Rameez Abdullah, and Mohamed Fazil. 2004. Muslim Perspective from the East. In Dealing with Diversity, ed. Freks George and Bart Klem. Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Google Scholar
Haniffa, Farzana. 2012. Three Attempts at Peace in Sri Lanka: A Critical Muslim Perspective. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 6 (1): 49–62.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2015. Who Gave These Fellows This Strength?: Muslims and the Bodu Bala Sena in Post-War Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka: The Struggle for Peace in the Aftermath of War, ed. Daniel Bass and Amarnath Amarasingam. London: Hurst.
Google Scholar
Hasbullah, Shahul, and Benedikt Korf. 2013. Muslim Geographies, Violence and the Antinomies of Community in Eastern Sri Lanka. The Geographical Journal 179 (1): 32–43.
Article Google Scholar
Holt, C. John, ed. 2016. Buddhist Extremists and Muslim Minorities Religious Conflict in Contemporary Sri Lanka. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kapferer, Bruce. 2001. Ethnic Nationalism and the Discourses of Violence in Sri Lanka. Communal/Plural 9 (1): 33–67.
Article Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. 2002. Jihad, the Trail of Political Islam. London: I. B Tauris & Co Ltd.
Google Scholar
Klem, Bart. 2011. Islam, Politics and Violence in Eastern Sri Lanka. The Journal of Asian Studies 70 (3): 730–753.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2014. The Political Geography of War’s End: Territorialisation, Circulation, and Moral Anxiety in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Political Geography 38: 33–45.
Article Google Scholar
Knoerzer, Shari. 1998. Transformation of Muslim Political Identity. In Culture and Politics of Identity in Sri Lanka, ed. Mithran Tiruchelcam and C.S. Dattathreya. Colombo: International Center for Ethnic Studies.
Google Scholar
Lewer, Nick, and Mohammed Ismail. 2011. The Genealogy of Muslim Political Voices in Sri Lanka. In Aid, Conflict and Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka, ed. Jonathan Goodhand, Benedict Korf, and Jonathan Spencer. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Lincoln, Bruce. 2003. Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion After September 11. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Mahroof, M.M.M. 1990. Impact of European-Christian Rule on the Muslims of Sri Lanka: A Socio-Historical Analysis. Islamic Studies 29 (4): 353–373.
Google Scholar
———. 1992. Malay language in Sri Lanka: Socio-Mechanics of a Minority Language in Its Historical Setting. Islamic Studies 31 (4): 463–478.
Google Scholar
Marga Institute. 1988. The Muslim Community of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Marga Institute.
Google Scholar
McGilvray, Dennis B. 1974. Tamils and Moors: Caste and Matriclan Structure in Eastern Sri Lanka. Chicago: Faculty of the Division of the Social Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Chicago University.
Google Scholar
———. 1991. Arabs, Moors and Muslims: The Mobilization of Muslim Identity in Sri Lanka. Third Sri Lanka Conference, Center for Asian Studies, Amsterdam.
Google Scholar
———. 1998. Arabs, Moors and Muslims: Sri Lankan Muslim Ethnicity in Regional Perspective. Contributions to Indian Sociology 32 (2): 433–483.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2001. Tamil and Muslim Identities in the East. Colombo: Marga Institute.
Google Scholar
———. 2004. Jailani: A Sufi Shrine in Sri Lanka. In Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation & Conflict, ed. Imtiaz Ahmad and Helmut Reifeld. Delhi: Social Science Press.
Google Scholar
———. 2008. Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Durham: Duke University Press.
Book Google Scholar
———. 2011a. Sri Lankan Muslims: Between Ethno-Nationalism and the Global Ummah. Nations and Nationalism 17 (1): 45–64.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2011b. Celebrations of Maturity and Marriage. In The Muslim Heritage of Eastern Sri Lanka, ed. S.H.M. Jameel and Asiff Hussein. Colombo: Muslim Women’s Research and Action Forum.
Google Scholar
———. 2013. Sri Lankan Sufi Transnational Networks. In The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora, ed. Peter Reeves. Singapore: ISAS and Editions Didier Millet.
Google Scholar
———. 2014. A matrilineal Sufi Shaykh in Sri Lanka. South Asian History and Culture 5 (2): 246–261.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2015. Sri Lanka. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edn. Retrieved August 4, 2015, from http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/sri-lanka-COM_27597.
———. 2016. Rethinking Muslim Identity in Sri Lanka. In Buddhist Extremists and Muslim Minorities: Religious Conflict in Contemporary Sri Lanka, ed. John C. Holt. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
McGilvray, Dennis B., and Mirak Raheem. 2007. Muslim Perspective on the Sri Lankan Conflict. In Policy Studies 41. Washington, DC: East-West Center. Society of Environmental Economics and Policy Studies.
Google Scholar
Meijer, Roel. 2009. Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement. New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
Meyer, Eric. 2001. Sri Lanka: Biography of an Island. Negombo: Viator Publications.
Google Scholar
Mitchell, Claire. 2005. Behind the Ethnic Marker: Religion and Social Identification in Northern Ireland. Sociology of Religion 66: 3–21.
Article Google Scholar
———. 2006. The Religious Content of Ethnic Identities. Sociology 40: 1135–1152.
Article Google Scholar
Mohan, Vasundhara. 1987. Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims. Delhi: Mittal Publications.
Google Scholar
More, J.B.P. 2004. Muslim Identity, Print Culture and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
Google Scholar
Mutalib, Hussin. 1990. Islamic Revivalism in ASEAN States: Political Implication. Asian Survey 30 (9): 877–891.
Article Google Scholar
Natali, Cristiana. 2008. Building Cemeteries, Constructing Identities: Funerary Practices and Nationalist Discourse Among the Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka. Contemporary South Asia 16 (3): 287–301.
Article Google Scholar
Nuhman, M.A. 2002. Understanding Sri Lankan Muslim Identity. Colombo: International Center for Ethnic Studies. Ethnicity Course Series.
Google Scholar
O’Sullivan. 1999a. Identity and Institution in Ethnic Conflict: The Muslims of Sri Lanka. Ph.D. thesis, Oxford: Oxford University.
Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, Meghan. 1999b. Conflict as a Catalyst: The Changing Politics of the Sri Lankan Muslims. In Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka, ed. Siri Gamas and I.B. Watson. New Delhi: Sage.
Google Scholar
Osella, C., and F. Osella. 2013. Introduction. In Islamic Reform in South Asia, ed. C. Osella and F. Osella. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chapter Google Scholar
Roy, Olivier. 2004. Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. London: Hurst.
Google Scholar
Saldin, B.D.K. 2003. Portrait of a Sri Lankan Malay. Kurunegala: Nihon Printers.
Google Scholar
Samaratunge, Shilpa, and Sanjana Hattotuwa. 2014. A Study of Hate Speech on Facebook in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Google Scholar
Schalk, Peter. 1997. Resistance and Martyrdom in the Process of State Formation of Tamililam. Comparative Asian Studies 18: 61–83.
Google Scholar
Shukri, Muhammad A.M. 1986. Muslims of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Aitken Spence Printing.
Google Scholar
SLMC “Our History”. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from http://slmc.lk/about-us/sri-lanka-muslim-congress/.
Spencer, Jonathan. 2012. Performing Democracy and Violence, Agonism and Community, Politics and not Politics in Sri Lanka. Geoforum, Special Issue, Space, Contestation and the Political 43 (4): 725–731.
Google Scholar
———. 2014. Anthropology, Politics, and Place in Sri Lanka: South Asian Reflections from an Island Adrift. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal [Online], 10.
Google Scholar
Spencer, Jonathan, Jonathan Goodhand, Shahul Hasbullah, Bart Klem, Benedikt Korf, and Kalinga Tudor Silva. 2014. Checkpoint, Temple, Church and Mosque, A Collaborative Ethnography of War and Peace. London: Pluto Press.
Google Scholar
Svensson, Jonas. 2000. Women’s Human Rights and Islam: A Study of Three Attempts at Accommodation. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Google Scholar
Thiranagama, Sharika. 2011. In My Mother’s House: Civil War in Sri Lanka. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Book Google Scholar
Uyangoda, Jayadeva. 2001. Question of Sri Lankas’s Minority Rights. Colombo: International Center for Ethnic Studies.
Google Scholar
Walker, Rebecca. 2013. Enduring Violence: Everyday Life and Conflict in Eastern Sri Lanka. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2002. Konstruktionen av Folk: Rasism, Nationalism, etnicitet. In Ras, Nation, Klass, ed. Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein. Uddevalla: Boförlaget Daidalos AB.
Google Scholar
Warnapala, Wiswa W.A. 2001. Politics in Sri Lanka. Colombo: S. Godage & Brothers.
Google Scholar
Weerarathne, Chitra. 2013. Ranil, Tissa restrained from acting against SLMC MPs. The Island. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from http://island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article details&code_title=73022.
Wickramasinghe, Nira. 2006. Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities. London: Hurst.
Google Scholar
Wilson, Jeyaratnam. 2000. Sri Lankan Tamil: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. London: Hurst.
Google Scholar
Wimalratne, K.D.G. 1986. Muslims Under British Rule in Ceylon. In Muslims of Sri Lanka, ed. A.M. Muhammed Shukri. Colombo: Aitken Spence Printing.
Google Scholar
Zackariya, Faizoun, and Nadarajah Shanmugaratnam. 2003. Moving into the Extra Household Domain. In In the Maze of Displacement Conflict: Migration and Change, ed. N. Shanmugaratnam, Ragnhild Lundh, and Kristi Anne Stølen. Kristiansand: Hoyskoleforlaget AS-Norwegian Academic Press.
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Swedish South Asian Studies Network (SASNET), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Andreas Johansson

Authors

Andreas Johansson
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Johansson, A. (2019). Introduction. In: Pragmatic Muslim Politics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12789-3_1

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12789-3_1
Published: 05 April 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12788-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12789-3
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics