Skip to main content

The ‘Online Othering’ of Transgender People in Relation to ‘Gender Neutral Toilets’

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Online Othering

Abstract

We provide an exposition and critical analysis of some of the ways in which transgender people are ‘othered’ online and of attempts to resist or challenge this. This is achieved through the discursive analysis of 1756 online comments made in response to ten YouTube videos concerning ‘gender neutral toilets’. Three themes were developed: ‘gender neutral toilets as sites of sexual danger’; ‘claiming victimhood: gender neutral toilets as undermining the rights of cisgender people’; and ‘the delegitimisation and othering of transgender people’. The theme of delegitimisation and othering is elaborated in detail. We conclude that sexual and gender non-conformity is responded to with a limited set of tropes that delegitimise and other non-conforming people in culturally recognisable ways. The framing of effective resistance to anti-transgender, othering online talk is not straightforward but calls for creative, evidence-based, contextually informed discursive labour.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Antjoule, N. (2013). The Hate Crime Report: Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia in London. London: Galop.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awan, I., & Zempi, I. (2016). The affinity between online and offline anti-Muslim hate crime: Dynamics and impacts. Aggression and Violent Behavior,27(March–April), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. (2004). Unnatural acts: Discourses of homosexuality within the House of Lords debates on gay male law reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics,8(1), 88–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley, C., & O’Brien, M. (Eds.). (2016). This Is My Body: Hearing the Theology of Transgender Christians. London: Darton Longman & Todd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, M. L. C., Ansara, Y. G., & Watson, C. M. (2013). Cisgenderism in family therapy: How everyday clinical practices can delegitimize people’s gender self-designations. Journal of Family Psychotherapy,24(4), 267–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, K. (1994). Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. (2018). What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech? Ethnicities, 18(3), 297–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborti, N., & Hardy, S. J. (2015). LGB&T Hate Crime Reporting: Identifying Barriers and Solutions. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cmeciu, C. (2016). Online discursive (de)legitimation of the Roma community. Journal of Media Research,9(1), 80–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, A. (2016). Discourse analysis. In E. Lyons & A. Coyle (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 160–181). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M. (2007). Seeking refuge under the umbrella: Inclusion, exclusion, and organizing within the category. Transgender: Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 4(4), 60–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faktor, A. (2011). Access and exclusion: Public toilets as sites of insecurity for gender and sexual minorities in North America. Journal of Human Security,7(3), 10–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, K. (1989). Warranting voice and elaboration of the self. In J. Shotter & K. Gergen (Eds.), Texts of Identity (pp. 70–81). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonsiorek, J. (Ed.). (1982). Homosexuality and Psychotherapy: A Practitioner’s Handbook of Affirmative Models. New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S., & Burke, S. (2010). ‘Oh you don’t want asylum seekers, oh you’re just racist’: A discursive analysis of discussions about whether it’s racist to oppose asylum seeking. Discourse and Society,21(3), 325–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S., & Burke, S. (2011). Discursive deracialization in talk about asylum seeking. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology,21(2), 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S., & Rowe, L. (2014). ‘Maybe it is prejudice…but it is NOT racism’: Negotiating racism in discussion forums about Gypsies. Discourse & Society,25(1), 32–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J. M., Mottet, L.A., Tanis, J., Harrison, L., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). National Transgender 467 Discrimination Survey Report on Health and Health Care. Washington, DC: National Center for 468 Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. M., Lorenz, K., & Bell, K. A. (2013). Victim blaming others: Rape myth acceptance and the just world belief. Feminist Criminology,8(3), 202–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P. (2010). A stone in the soup? Changes in sexual prejudice and essentialist beliefs among British students in a class on LGBT psychology. Psychology & Sexuality,1(1), 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, P., Ansara, G., & Barker, M. J. (2018). Nonbinary gender identities. In N. K. Dess, J. Marecek, & L. C. Bell (Eds.), Gender, Sex, & Sexualities: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 53–76). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology,64, 309–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles,53(7–8), 531–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, S. (2010). Introduction. In S. Hines & T. Sanger (Eds.), Transgender Identities: Towards a Social Analysis of Gender Diversity (pp. 1–22). New York: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, S. S. (2006). Heterosexual adolescents’ and young adults’ beliefs and attitudes about homosexuality and gay and lesbian peers. Cognitive Development,21(4), 420–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iantaffi, A., & Bockting, W. O. (2011). Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy and transgender people’s experiences of relationships. Culture, Health & Sexuality,13(3), 355–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamal, J. (2018). Transphobic Hate Crime. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, G. (1990). List construction as a task and resource. In G. Psathas (Ed.), Interaction Competence (pp. 63–92). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, S. (2014). The politics of the toilet: A feminist response to the campaign to ‘degender’ a women’s space. Women’s Studies International Forum,45(July–August), 42–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health,21(1), 17–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInroy, L., & Craig, S. (2015). Transgender representation in offline and online media: LGBTQ youth perspectives. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment,25(6), 606–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miceli, M. (2005). Morality politics vs. identity politics: Framing processes and competition among Christian right and gay social movement organizations. Sociological Forum, 20(4), 589–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monro, S. (2003). Transgender politics in the UK. Critical Social Policy,23(4), 433–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles,59(7–8), 521–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nirta, C. (2014). Trans subjectivity and the spatial monolingualism of public toilets. Law and Critique,25(3), 271–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability sample of US adults. Sex Roles,68(11–12), 738–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, R., Steinberg, D. L., & Moon, I. (2019). Introduction: The emergence of ‘trans’. Sexualities,22(1–2), 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, A. M. (1986). Extreme case formulations: A new way of legitimating claims. Human Studies,9(2–3), 219–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, D. W., Ansara, Y. G., & Treharne, G. J. (2015). An evidence-based model for understanding transgender mental health in Australia. Australian Psychologist,50(1), 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, L., & Goodman, S. (2014). ‘A stinking filthy race of people inbred with criminality’: A discourse analysis of prejudicial talk about gypsies in discussion forums. Romani Studies,24(1), 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry,20(8), 529–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snee, H. (2013). Making ethical decisions in an online context: Reflections on using blogs to explore narratives of experience. Methodological Innovations Online,8(2), 52–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock, K. (2018, July 6). Changing the concept of ‘woman’ will cause unintended harms. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/07/06/changing-the-concept-of-woman-will-cause-unintended-harms. Accessed July 18, 2018.

  • Taylor, G. (2002). Psychopathology and the social and historical construction of gay male identities. In A. Coyle & C. Kitzinger (Eds.), Lesbian & Gay Psychology: New Perspectives (pp. 154–174). Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tee, N., & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology,16(1), 70–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valor-Segura, I., Exposito, F., & Moya, M. (2011). Victim blaming and exoneration of the perpetrator in domestic violence: The role of beliefs in a just world and ambivalent sexism. Spanish Journal of Psychology,14(1), 195–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, S. (2013). A rhetorical discourse analysis of online anti-Muslim and anti-Semitic jokes. Ethnic and Racial Studies,36(3), 483–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, M. (1998). Positioning and interpretative repertoires: Conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse & Society,9(3), 387–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Colliver, B., Coyle, A., Silvestri, M. (2019). The ‘Online Othering’ of Transgender People in Relation to ‘Gender Neutral Toilets’. In: Lumsden, K., Harmer, E. (eds) Online Othering. Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12632-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12633-9

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics